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1st Period, Life Sciences Honors > Exam 4 - Transcription, Translation, Cell Division > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Transcription, Translation, Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Long-chain polymers made up of nucleotide monomers (building blocks)

D.4.1-1

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2
Q

What is a gene?

E4.1-2

A

A specific segment of DNA. Holds the instructions to build a protien.

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3
Q

True of false? DNA can leave a nucleus

E4.1-2

A

False

DNA is too big to. leave a nucleus. mRNA is small enough to leave though

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4
Q

What does rRNA do?

Fixed by Mr. B

A

Makes up the actual ribosome

rRNA= ribosome RNA

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5
Q

Describe Transcription

Fixed by Mr./ B

E4.1-2

A

Process of protein synthesis where RNA polymerase carefully copies the DNA’s code into mRNA, which travels out of the nucleus to deliver its message to ribosome

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6
Q

What does tRNA do?

Fixed by Mr. B

C 4.1 -3

A

It brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to mRNA’s codons

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7
Q

Describe Translation

Fixed by Mr. B

B4.1-2

A

Ribosome builds proteins, one amino acid at a time with tRNA, in the cytoplasm by reading off of a “working copy” (mRNA)

B4.1-2

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8
Q

What is the RNA polymerase’s job?

E4.1-2

A

unzip the DNA and carefully copy the DNA’s code into mRNA

E4.1-2

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9
Q

What does each letter stand for in DNA?

Fixed by Mr. B

D4.1-1

A

Deoxribonucleic Acid

DNA is missing the oxygen on its ribose sugar

Deoxyribose is a sugar. So is a Ribose but that is found in RNA with an oxygen on it

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10
Q

What is mRNA?

F4.1-3

A

mRNA is the working copy of the DNA strand that gets sent to ribosomes to make proteins.

Stands for messenger RNA

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11
Q

What base pairs go together?

Fixed by Mr. B

a4.1-1

A

A and T go together (DNA)
G and C go together (DNA)
AT GC 😁
A and U together in RNA

remember the band ACDC (but that is not the exact answer) :)

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12
Q

What is DNA?

D.4.1-1

A

A double-helix structure that stores genetic instructions/code.

spiral staircase with boxes

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13
Q

Name the bases found in DNA

A4.1-1

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine and Guanine

Uracil (U) is only found in RNA and replaces Thymine. A - U (RNA), A - T (DNA)

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14
Q

What does transfer RNA do?

Fixed by Mr. B

F 4.1-3

A

It carries amino acids to the ribosome and uses its anticodon side to match with the mRNA’s codon

tRNA = Transfer RNA

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15
Q

What are some key differences between DNA and RNA?

Excellent Card - Mr. B

D4.1-1

A
  • DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded
  • DNA is DE-OXY, so it is missing one oxygen
  • while DNA conatins A, T, G, and C, RNA contians U instead of T

D4.1-1

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16
Q

What does trna stand for?

E4.1-2

A

transfer RNA

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17
Q

What are every 3 bases in mRNA called?

B4.1-2

A

Codon, codes for 1 amino acid.

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18
Q

Which bases are found in RNA strands

A4.1-1

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine and Adenine

RNA is missing Thymine! Only DNA has Thymine

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19
Q

What is a monomer?

D4.1-1

A

Building blocks

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20
Q

what types of RNA are used during Translation

Fixed by Mr. B

C4.1

A

mRNA (transcript that ribosome reads from)
rRNA (actual structure of ribosome)
tRNA (carries amino acids over and matches anticodon to mRNA’s codon)

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21
Q

what are protiens made of?

F 4.1-3

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What happens during the G1 Phase?

A

The cell grows, carries out normal functions, and prepares to replicate DNA

A 4.2-1

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23
Q

What is the 1st phase of the cell cycle?

A

G1 Phase

A 4.2-1

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24
Q

What happens during the S Phase?

A

DNA is replicated

A 4.2-1

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25
Q

What is Mitosis?

B3.4-2

A

The creation of 2 identical, somatic, dipolid daughter cells.

B3.4-2

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26
Q

what is nonsense mutation?

c4.2-2

A

change in dna sequence that changes the amino acid coding codon into a STOP

this is bad remember nonsense = NO or STOP

This cuts the protein short

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27
Q

What is the spindal like structure that attach to the chromosomes and splits them apart?

D.4.2-4

A

Cytoskeleton fibers

They are like little puppet strings!

28
Q

What happens during telophase?

Fixed by Mr. B

D4.2-4

A

2 new nucluei form, each with a complete set of chromosomes.
Cytoskeleton spindle fibers begn to degrade back to normal
The chromosomes start to unwind back into chromatin
The 2 cells begin to seperate, although not completely until cytokineses

29
Q

what is an insertion or deletions of dna bases that alter the reading of the mRNA transcript

A

frameshift mutation

30
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

The cell cycle encompasses the life of a cell from formation of a division into two daughter cells.

31
Q

What is a Silent mutation

C-11-4.2

A

Change is a DNA seqence that does not change the amino acid.

Remeber there are multiple codons can be for the same amino acids

32
Q

Which phase in mitosis occurs when the chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell?

E4.2-4

33
Q

What is Prophase?

A

When the nucleus disapears and the chromatins start coiling up to form a chromosone
They form sister chromatins with an exact copy of themselves, which forms the x shape.
Then the cytoskeleton fibers attach to the centromere of the chromosone.

The first step in Mitosis

E:18 4.2-4

34
Q

what is the definition of a missense mutation

C4.2

A

change in DNA sequence that results in substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein

35
Q

What trait does the 23rd chromosome determine?

F4.2-3

A

Your gender/sex

XX = Female, XY = Male

F4.2-3

36
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle does a cell divide

A4.1

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

37
Q

What is DNA replication?

Fixed by Mr. B

A

Basically transcription, but uses DNA polymerase to create 2 copies of DNA template through base pairing.
Happens during S Phase of Interphase.
Preparing for future division of the cell

38
Q

what is the order of the phases of mitosis?

D 4.2 - 4

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

PMAT

39
Q

What is a homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that are identical in length and gene postion, one from mom,one from dad

For example, Chromosome 15.

f4.2-3

40
Q

What kind of cells are created through mitosis?

E4.2-4

A

2 identical, somatic, and diploid daughter cells

- diploid cells have 2 copies of each chromsome (2n)

41
Q

What is a cell with two copies of each chromosome?

F4.2-3

A

diploid

F4.2-3

42
Q

What is a gene locus?

F 4.2-3

A

Specific, fixed position of a specific gene/ trait on a species’ chromosome

43
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

E.4.2-4

A

A sister chromitid is an identical copies of a single chromosme.

Formed during prophase; they connect to eachother to form the “X” shape!

44
Q

What kinds of
cells do mitosis?

D4.2-4

A

somatic cells (bodily cells),skin cells,regeneration or starfish of planarians, plant growth, and roots

45
Q

Why is Anaphase important? (What does it do?)

D4.2-4

A

Anaphase is when the sister chromitids separate from the X-shape into opposite sides of the cell. This will allow the new future daughter cells to have identicle copies of chromosomes!

46
Q

What is an Allele

A

Variant form of a gene

blue eye color vs. green eye color; purple vs pink flowers, etc.

47
Q

What is the start and end product of Meiosis ll?

D4.3-3

A

Two haploid cells that then turn into four gamete haploid cells after cytokinesis

48
Q

What happens during Prophase II ?

B4.3-3

A
  • Sister chromatids condense
  • A new spindle begins to form
  • The nuclear envelope starts to fragment
49
Q

What happens in Anaphase ll?

B4.3-3

A

Sister chromatins are pulled apart by the shortening of the kinetochore mocrotubes. Non kinetochore microtibes lengthen the cell.

50
Q

What are some differences between diploid cells and haploid cells?

E-15 4.3

A
  • Diploid has 2 sets of chromosones
  • Haploid has 1 set of chromosones
  • Diploids are Somatic cells
  • Haploids are Gamete cells
  • Diploid is formed by Mitosis
  • Haploid is formed by Meiosis
  • Diploid cells are made of homologous pairs
51
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction/Fertilization?

A 4.3-1

A

When male and female gametes (haploid, “n”, sperm and egg cells) fuse to form a zygote

52
Q

How is a zygote formed

A1.3-1

A

It is formed when two haploid cells (gametes) come together to form one diploid cell

gametes are sperm and egg cells

53
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

a4.3-1

A

When an organism reproduces a genetically identical copy of itself without the involvement of another individual of the same species.(Makes an exact copy of itself).

54
Q

What is it called when sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate.

B4.3-3

55
Q

What is the end result of Meiosis 1?

B4.3-2

A

2 different haploid cells

56
Q

what happens during crossing over in meiosis 1

C4.3

A

the homologous chromosomes are swapping allele’s

57
Q

```

~~~

What is Meiosis?

A

( similar, but different from mitosis) is how haploid gametes are produced.

A4.3-1

58
Q

what happens in metaphase two?

A

Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate.

F 4.3-3

59
Q

what is the end phase of meiosis 1

C11-4.3/2

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

60
Q

in which phase in meiosis do the chromosomes cross over

c12-4.3-2

A

prophase 1

61
Q

What is the way we remember the phases of Mitosis and Meiosis and what do the letters stand for?

E-4.3-1

A

IPMATC (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis)

62
Q

What is the result of Meiosis II?

A

4 genetically different, haploid, gamete cells.

F4.3-3

63
Q

Is the specific sperm and egg that fuse together random?

True or false

a4.3-1

64
Q

homolgous chromosomes randomly assemble at what phase in meiosis

A

metaphase 1

65
Q

In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase one

1st Period, Life Sciences Honors (11 decks)

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