Exam 2 Flashcards
Chemical Reactions occur through what?
F2.2-4
They occur through the sharing or donating of electrons.
What charge do protons, neutrons and electrons have?
B2.2-2
Protons are positive
Electrons are Negative
Neutrons are Neutral
What does a catalyst do?
B2.3-4
It speeds up a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
(the reaction can begin with less energy, so it happens much faster)
Fixed by Mr. B
What are the four main elements of life?
c 2.2-3
Carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)
cohn
Fixed by Mr. B
What makes up the cell membrane?
D2.2-6
Lipids! More specifically, phospholipids.
Lipids are fats, and they make up the cell membrane.
Fixed by Mr. B
What is one of the most essential things for life here on Earth?
F.2.2-4
Water (H2O)
What is an element?
C 2.2-3
A substance made of only one type of atom
An atom’s # of protons determine its identity as an element
Carbon has 6 protons, Hydrogen has 1… etc (Fixed by Mr. B)
What is the definition of a molecule?
When two or more atoms interact to form a chemical bond
H2O is a molecule, but H and O individually are atoms!
(Fixed by Mr. B)
What are amino acids?
A2.3-1
Building blocks (monomers) of proteins (polymers)
20 of them, side chains determine chemical behavior and protein folding
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Why are scientists looking for water on other planets?
F-2.2-4
Because water is essential for life on earth and it could potentially show life on other planets.
Enzymes are __ binding their target molecules (substrate)
B2.3-4
highly specific
Substrate binds in the enzyme’s activation site
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Describe the purpose of a lipid in terms of energy
D2.2-6
A lipid is a long-term energy storage for cellular work.
(Fixed by Mr. B)
When carbs run out your body starts to use the lipids or fats in your body.
What is the second choice for energy when Carbohydrates (sugars) are depleted?
D2.2-6
Lipids (Fats)
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Imagine a bear hybernating for winter using fat for energy or just a body low on energy
What are the 5 main categories of Biomolecules?
A 2.2 - 1
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Enzymes
Anything with mass and volume is…
B2.2-2
Matter
What is a cell?
A 2.2-1
Smallest units of life that have tiny non-living structures (molecules, atoms, etc.) that makes up every structure within the cell
(Fixed by Mr. B)
What do the enzymes do to fit the substrates?
B2.3-4
They change their shape so that the substrates will fit.
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Enzymes are specific to one specific molecular structure
What are some different purposes of carbohydrates?
- they’re used for structural purposes in some organisms like plants
- primary, first-choice energy source for life
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Glycogen (polymer) - Glucose (monomer)…. Cellulose (polymer) in plant cell walls
What is the primary energy source broken down to create ATP?
E2.2-5
Glucose
If carbohydrates run low, the body switches to using fats
ATP is the energy currency of the cell ((Fixed by Mr. B)
What are the two Nucleic Acids we talked about?
F2.3-3
DNA and RNA
DNA (stores genetic information) in Nulceus, RNA (Transmits inform
DNA (stores genetic information) in Nulceus, RNA (Transmits information for protein synthesis to the ribosome. Ribosome reads RNA like an instruction manual for creating the protein (Fixed by Mr. B)
What charge does an electron have and where is it located in an atom?
B2.2-2
Negative, electron cloud
(Fixed by Mr.B)
It is located in the electron cloud orbiting the nucleus (protons/neutrons)
What is an element?
c 2.2-3
A stubstance that is made up of only one type of atom.
What does a catalyst do?
A 2.3 - 4
Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed!
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
C 2.3-3
DNA is doubled helix and is the genetic instructions/ mRNA is single stranded, and is the instructions for proteins
(Fixed by Mr. B)
DNA’s nucleotides (monomers) are Deoxygenated at their ribose sugar’s 2’ carbon, but RNA is oxygenated
Which element is the backbone of most biomolecules?
Carbon
Fixed by Mr. B
What are Lipids?
D2.2-6
Fats
Explain/Describe a phospholipid bilayer…
(What is it?)
B2.3-5
All cell membrane are made up of a phospholipid bilayer. They also consists of two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic tail, (bottom) water-hating, interior and a hydrophilic, (top) water-loving, exterior.
Where are the transport proteins?
A2.3-5
The transport proteins are imbedded into the cell membrane.
Helps move molecules in/out of cell that can’t pass through phosphoplipid bilayer
What does hydrophobic mean?
F-2.3-6
Repels water or doesn’t like it
What is it called when a cell lets some things in and some things out
It allows good things in and keeps bad things out
C 2.3-6
Selective Permeability
What is Endocytosis?
D.2.1-9
Bringing substances in by “reaching out” and pinching off vesical fom the cell membrane.
Just taking a product and packaging it
What is Passive Diffusion?
E2.3-7
it is when molecules will move from the area of
high concentration/pressure , to the area of low concentration/pressure.
high–>low
Requires no energy
what is the Aquaporins?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
E2.3-7
It is a transport protein channel that allows water to pass through based off of the concentration gradient
No energy require
Movement of water is called osmosis
what is Active Transport?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
E2.3-8
Transport proteins actively pumping subtances across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.
This requires energy from ATP
Osmosis is the….
E2.3-7
Passive Diffusion of Water across the plasma membrane.
requires no energy input
Usually occurs via aquaporins
Are cell membranes fluid or rigid?
B2.3-5
Cell membrane moves Fluidly, allows for flexibility
Plant cell walls are rigid
What is a phosphate head?
Water- Loving , hydrophillic
what are the phospholipid tails?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid
the part that doesn’t like water
Found on the interior of the bilayer, heads on the outside faceing the inside/outside of the cell.
What does Phagocytosis do?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
Predatory mechanism where cells eat other cells
Hunting behavior
Amoeba, white blood cells, etc.
Will a charged molecule pass through the phospholipid bilayer without a transport protein?
No
Charged, large, and polar molecules (diverse elements) will not pass thr
Charged, large, and polar molecules (diverse range of elements) will not pass through
What are the two nucleic acids we discussed?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
DNA and RNA
The “NA” stands for Nucleic Acids!
Which conditions will speed up the rate of diffusion/passive transport?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
F2.3-6
High Temperature, small molecular size, strong/large concentration gradient
How can any substance too large, polar, or charged to go through the cell membrane?
F2.3-6
Transport protiens
Why is the cell membrane important?
(Fixed by Mr. B)
C6.5-8
Keeps good stuff in, bad stuff out.
Where is the dorsal located
