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1st Period, Life Sciences Honors > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Reactions occur through what?

F2.2-4

A

They occur through the sharing or donating of electrons.

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2
Q

What charge do protons, neutrons and electrons have?

B2.2-2

A

Protons are positive
Electrons are Negative
Neutrons are Neutral

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3
Q

What does a catalyst do?

B2.3-4

A

It speeds up a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

(the reaction can begin with less energy, so it happens much faster)

Fixed by Mr. B

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4
Q

What are the four main elements of life?

c 2.2-3

A

Carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N)

cohn

Fixed by Mr. B

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5
Q

What makes up the cell membrane?

D2.2-6

A

Lipids! More specifically, phospholipids.

Lipids are fats, and they make up the cell membrane.

Fixed by Mr. B

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6
Q

What is one of the most essential things for life here on Earth?

F.2.2-4

A

Water (H2O)

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7
Q

What is an element?

C 2.2-3

A

A substance made of only one type of atom

An atom’s # of protons determine its identity as an element

Carbon has 6 protons, Hydrogen has 1… etc (Fixed by Mr. B)

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8
Q

What is the definition of a molecule?

A

When two or more atoms interact to form a chemical bond

H2O is a molecule, but H and O individually are atoms!

(Fixed by Mr. B)

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9
Q

What are amino acids?

A2.3-1

A

Building blocks (monomers) of proteins (polymers)

20 of them, side chains determine chemical behavior and protein folding

(Fixed by Mr. B)

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10
Q

Why are scientists looking for water on other planets?

F-2.2-4

A

Because water is essential for life on earth and it could potentially show life on other planets.

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11
Q

Enzymes are __ binding their target molecules (substrate)

B2.3-4

A

highly specific

Substrate binds in the enzyme’s activation site

(Fixed by Mr. B)

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12
Q

Describe the purpose of a lipid in terms of energy

D2.2-6

A

A lipid is a long-term energy storage for cellular work.

(Fixed by Mr. B)

When carbs run out your body starts to use the lipids or fats in your body.

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13
Q

What is the second choice for energy when Carbohydrates (sugars) are depleted?

D2.2-6

A

Lipids (Fats)

(Fixed by Mr. B)

Imagine a bear hybernating for winter using fat for energy or just a body low on energy

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14
Q

What are the 5 main categories of Biomolecules?

A 2.2 - 1

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  5. Enzymes
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15
Q

Anything with mass and volume is…

B2.2-2

A

Matter

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16
Q

What is a cell?

A 2.2-1

A

Smallest units of life that have tiny non-living structures (molecules, atoms, etc.) that makes up every structure within the cell

(Fixed by Mr. B)

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17
Q

What do the enzymes do to fit the substrates?

B2.3-4

A

They change their shape so that the substrates will fit.

(Fixed by Mr. B)

Enzymes are specific to one specific molecular structure

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18
Q

What are some different purposes of carbohydrates?

A
  • they’re used for structural purposes in some organisms like plants
  • primary, first-choice energy source for life

(Fixed by Mr. B)

Glycogen (polymer) - Glucose (monomer)…. Cellulose (polymer) in plant cell walls

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19
Q

What is the primary energy source broken down to create ATP?

E2.2-5

A

Glucose

If carbohydrates run low, the body switches to using fats

ATP is the energy currency of the cell ((Fixed by Mr. B)

20
Q

What are the two Nucleic Acids we talked about?

F2.3-3

A

DNA and RNA

DNA (stores genetic information) in Nulceus, RNA (Transmits inform

DNA (stores genetic information) in Nulceus, RNA (Transmits information for protein synthesis to the ribosome. Ribosome reads RNA like an instruction manual for creating the protein (Fixed by Mr. B)

21
Q

What charge does an electron have and where is it located in an atom?

B2.2-2

A

Negative, electron cloud

(Fixed by Mr.B)

It is located in the electron cloud orbiting the nucleus (protons/neutrons)

22
Q

What is an element?

c 2.2-3

A

A stubstance that is made up of only one type of atom.

23
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A 2.3 - 4

A

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed!

24
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

C 2.3-3

A

DNA is doubled helix and is the genetic instructions/ mRNA is single stranded, and is the instructions for proteins

(Fixed by Mr. B)

DNA’s nucleotides (monomers) are Deoxygenated at their ribose sugar’s 2’ carbon, but RNA is oxygenated

25
Q

Which element is the backbone of most biomolecules?

A

Carbon

Fixed by Mr. B

26
Q

What are Lipids?

D2.2-6

A

Fats

27
Q

Explain/Describe a phospholipid bilayer…

(What is it?)

B2.3-5

A

All cell membrane are made up of a phospholipid bilayer. They also consists of two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic tail, (bottom) water-hating, interior and a hydrophilic, (top) water-loving, exterior.

28
Q

Where are the transport proteins?

A2.3-5

A

The transport proteins are imbedded into the cell membrane.

Helps move molecules in/out of cell that can’t pass through phosphoplipid bilayer

29
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

F-2.3-6

A

Repels water or doesn’t like it

30
Q

What is it called when a cell lets some things in and some things out

It allows good things in and keeps bad things out

C 2.3-6

A

Selective Permeability

31
Q

What is Endocytosis?

D.2.1-9

A

Bringing substances in by “reaching out” and pinching off vesical fom the cell membrane.

Just taking a product and packaging it

32
Q

What is Passive Diffusion?

E2.3-7

A

it is when molecules will move from the area of
high concentration/pressure , to the area of low concentration/pressure.

high–>low

Requires no energy

33
Q

what is the Aquaporins?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

E2.3-7

A

It is a transport protein channel that allows water to pass through based off of the concentration gradient

No energy require

Movement of water is called osmosis

34
Q

what is Active Transport?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

E2.3-8

A

Transport proteins actively pumping subtances across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.

This requires energy from ATP

35
Q

Osmosis is the….

E2.3-7

A

Passive Diffusion of Water across the plasma membrane.

requires no energy input

Usually occurs via aquaporins

36
Q

Are cell membranes fluid or rigid?

B2.3-5

A

Cell membrane moves Fluidly, allows for flexibility

Plant cell walls are rigid

37
Q

What is a phosphate head?

A

Water- Loving , hydrophillic

38
Q

what are the phospholipid tails?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

A

The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid

the part that doesn’t like water

Found on the interior of the bilayer, heads on the outside faceing the inside/outside of the cell.

38
Q

What does Phagocytosis do?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

A

Predatory mechanism where cells eat other cells

Hunting behavior

Amoeba, white blood cells, etc.

39
Q

Will a charged molecule pass through the phospholipid bilayer without a transport protein?

A

No

Charged, large, and polar molecules (diverse elements) will not pass thr

Charged, large, and polar molecules (diverse range of elements) will not pass through

40
Q

What are the two nucleic acids we discussed?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

A

DNA and RNA

The “NA” stands for Nucleic Acids!

41
Q

Which conditions will speed up the rate of diffusion/passive transport?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

F2.3-6

A

High Temperature, small molecular size, strong/large concentration gradient

42
Q

How can any substance too large, polar, or charged to go through the cell membrane?

F2.3-6

A

Transport protiens

43
Q

Why is the cell membrane important?

(Fixed by Mr. B)

C6.5-8

A

Keeps good stuff in, bad stuff out.

44
Q

Where is the dorsal located

A

1st Period, Life Sciences Honors (11 decks)

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