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Clinical Medicine > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Wheezes & Rhonchi

A

Thickening of bronchial tubes due to mucus buildup. Heard with asthma, COPD, bronchitis

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2
Q

Crackles

A

Fluid in the lung sacs. Heard with pneumonia, CHF, heart disease, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis

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3
Q

Stridor

A

Blockage in the upper airway; i.e. choking

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4
Q

Pleural Friction Rub

A

The lung sticks to the pleura. Heard with pleurisy, pneumonia, lung tumor

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5
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection of the lung tissues

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6
Q

Symptoms of Pneumonia

A

symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, hacking productive cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, headache, flu like symptoms.

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7
Q

Empyema

A

A collection of pus in cavity between lung & pleural space.

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8
Q

Symptoms of Empyema

A

Symptoms include dry cough, chest pain worse on inspiration & flu like symptoms

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9
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

It is an air flow limitation that is not fully reversible.

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10
Q

Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Symptoms include chronic cough, exertional dyspnea, and expectoration (expulsion of fluids, mucus). Breath sounds are distant, cackling and wheezing on exhalation.

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11
Q

Chronic obstructive Bronchitis

A

Inflammation and scarring of the bronchial lining which results in obstructed airflow and creates mucus. AKA blue bloater

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12
Q

Symptoms of Chronic obstructive Bronchitis

A

Symptoms include shortness of breath, prolonged expiration, and recurrent infection.

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13
Q

Emphysema

A

enlargement of the airspaces beyond terminal bronchiole. (you can inhale but can’t exhale) AKA pink puffer

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14
Q

Symptoms of Emphysema

A

cough is uncommon, tachypnea, prolonged expiration, and accessory muscle use. Patient is usually thin.

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15
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible chronic condition of inflammation and increased reactivity of smooth muscles. Widespread narrowing of airways due to triggers

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16
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

symtoms include cough, dyspnea, wheezing during exhalation, & accessory muscles. The big part here is the “wheezing.”

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17
Q

Restrictive Lung Disease

A

Any condition reduces chest wall movement & lung volume, problem of the lungs themselves rather than airway leading to lungs.

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18
Q

Symptoms of Restrictive Lung Disease

A

Rapid shallow breathing, chronic tachypnea

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19
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

AKA interstitial lung disease, epithelial damage leading to progressive scarring/fibrosis of the lungs

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20
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis

A

Presents with progressive dyspnea and non-productive cough

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21
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Malignancy of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

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22
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer

A

cough, dyspnea, sputum production, systemic symptoms include anorexia, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Pain with bone metastases is common.

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23
Q

Pancoast Tumor

A

tumor at the apex, can result in severe arm and shoulder pain, symptoms are constitutional, Horners syndrome.

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24
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Partial or complete obstruction of the pulmonary arterial blood flow

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25
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

shortness of breath, cough, wheezing. Chest pain with infarct, edema (right sided heart failure)

26
Q

Pleurisy

A

an infection of the pleural cavity

27
Q

Pleural effusion

A

the buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity

28
Q

Pneumothorax

A

the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity, result is collapse of lung on affected side

29
Q

Hemothorax

A

the presence of blood in the pleural cavity

30
Q

Symptoms of Pneumothorax

A

sharp sudden pleural chest pain, decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse, tachycardia

31
Q

“Lub” heart sound

A

ventricles are full, the AV valves close

32
Q

“Dub” heart sound

A

semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles from aorta and pulmonary arteries.

33
Q

Ventricular gallop

A

3rd heart sound, caused by rapid ventricular filling. Occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2. Sounds like “Tennessee.” can also be normal.

34
Q

Murmurs

A

whooshing or swishing sounds, can be innocent or abnormal. Common in adolescents.

35
Q

Systolic murmurs

A

occurs between S1 and S2, during systole (ventricular contraction)

36
Q

Diastolic murmurs

A

occurs after S2 and before S1, duration occurs during diastole (relaxation). All diastolic murmurs imply some altercation of anatomy or function

37
Q

Normal Blood Pressure

A

<120/<80

38
Q

Elevated Blood Pressure

A

120-129/<80

39
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

130-139/80-89

40
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

> 140/>90

41
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

> 180/>120

42
Q

Symptoms of hypertension

A

usually asymptomatic but can include headache, vertigo, flushing, blurred vision

43
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall

44
Q

Stable angina

A

occurs during activity or on exertion, temporary pain (burning, pressing)

45
Q

Unstable angina

A

periinfarction, occurs at rest without cause or exertion, needs immediate action to reduce risk

46
Q

Variant angina

A

result of vasospasm of coronary artery in absence of occlusive disease

47
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

left ventricular failure, dyspnea, fatigue and weakness, and renal changes.

48
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Cor pulmonale, failure of right ventricle, dependent edema, jugular venous distension, sharp RUQ pain, cyanosis

49
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

inflammatory lesions

50
Q

Bell

A

lower frequency sounds

51
Q

diaphragm

A

higher frequency sounds

52
Q

High frequency

A

opening and closing of valves

53
Q

low frequency

A

3rd and 4th heart sounds

54
Q

vesicular breath sound

A

soft low pitch

55
Q

Bronchovesicular breath sound

A

medium loud, medium pitch

56
Q

Bronchial breath sound

A

loud, strong, high pitched

57
Q

tracheal breath sound

A

very loud, high pitched

58
Q

wheezing sound

A

high pitched whistling noise when breathing out, asthma, COPD,

59
Q

Rhonchi sound

A

low pitched wheezing noise, COPD and bronchitis

60
Q

crackling sound

A

series of short, explosive sounds, sounds like bubbling, rattling, or clicking, pneumonia, heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis

61
Q

stridor sound

A

harsh, noisy squeaking with every breath

62
Q

pleural friction rub

A

rough, scratchy sound, sign of pleurisy, pneumonia or lung tumor

Clinical Medicine (15 decks)

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