Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards
Wheezes & Rhonchi
Thickening of bronchial tubes due to mucus buildup. Heard with asthma, COPD, bronchitis
Crackles
Fluid in the lung sacs. Heard with pneumonia, CHF, heart disease, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis
Stridor
Blockage in the upper airway; i.e. choking
Pleural Friction Rub
The lung sticks to the pleura. Heard with pleurisy, pneumonia, lung tumor
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung tissues
Symptoms of Pneumonia
symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, hacking productive cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, headache, flu like symptoms.
Empyema
A collection of pus in cavity between lung & pleural space.
Symptoms of Empyema
Symptoms include dry cough, chest pain worse on inspiration & flu like symptoms
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
It is an air flow limitation that is not fully reversible.
Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Symptoms include chronic cough, exertional dyspnea, and expectoration (expulsion of fluids, mucus). Breath sounds are distant, cackling and wheezing on exhalation.
Chronic obstructive Bronchitis
Inflammation and scarring of the bronchial lining which results in obstructed airflow and creates mucus. AKA blue bloater
Symptoms of Chronic obstructive Bronchitis
Symptoms include shortness of breath, prolonged expiration, and recurrent infection.
Emphysema
enlargement of the airspaces beyond terminal bronchiole. (you can inhale but can’t exhale) AKA pink puffer
Symptoms of Emphysema
cough is uncommon, tachypnea, prolonged expiration, and accessory muscle use. Patient is usually thin.
Asthma
Reversible chronic condition of inflammation and increased reactivity of smooth muscles. Widespread narrowing of airways due to triggers
Symptoms of asthma
symtoms include cough, dyspnea, wheezing during exhalation, & accessory muscles. The big part here is the “wheezing.”
Restrictive Lung Disease
Any condition reduces chest wall movement & lung volume, problem of the lungs themselves rather than airway leading to lungs.
Symptoms of Restrictive Lung Disease
Rapid shallow breathing, chronic tachypnea
Pulmonary Fibrosis
AKA interstitial lung disease, epithelial damage leading to progressive scarring/fibrosis of the lungs
Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
Presents with progressive dyspnea and non-productive cough
Lung Cancer
Malignancy of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
Symptoms of lung cancer
cough, dyspnea, sputum production, systemic symptoms include anorexia, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Pain with bone metastases is common.
Pancoast Tumor
tumor at the apex, can result in severe arm and shoulder pain, symptoms are constitutional, Horners syndrome.
Pulmonary embolism
Partial or complete obstruction of the pulmonary arterial blood flow
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism
shortness of breath, cough, wheezing. Chest pain with infarct, edema (right sided heart failure)
Pleurisy
an infection of the pleural cavity
Pleural effusion
the buildup of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity, result is collapse of lung on affected side
Hemothorax
the presence of blood in the pleural cavity
Symptoms of Pneumothorax
sharp sudden pleural chest pain, decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse, tachycardia
“Lub” heart sound
ventricles are full, the AV valves close
“Dub” heart sound
semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles from aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Ventricular gallop
3rd heart sound, caused by rapid ventricular filling. Occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2. Sounds like “Tennessee.” can also be normal.
Murmurs
whooshing or swishing sounds, can be innocent or abnormal. Common in adolescents.
Systolic murmurs
occurs between S1 and S2, during systole (ventricular contraction)
Diastolic murmurs
occurs after S2 and before S1, duration occurs during diastole (relaxation). All diastolic murmurs imply some altercation of anatomy or function
Normal Blood Pressure
<120/<80
Elevated Blood Pressure
120-129/<80
Stage 1 Hypertension
130-139/80-89
Stage 2 Hypertension
> 140/>90
Hypertensive Crisis
> 180/>120
Symptoms of hypertension
usually asymptomatic but can include headache, vertigo, flushing, blurred vision
Atherosclerosis
thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall
Stable angina
occurs during activity or on exertion, temporary pain (burning, pressing)
Unstable angina
periinfarction, occurs at rest without cause or exertion, needs immediate action to reduce risk
Variant angina
result of vasospasm of coronary artery in absence of occlusive disease
Left sided heart failure
left ventricular failure, dyspnea, fatigue and weakness, and renal changes.
Right sided heart failure
Cor pulmonale, failure of right ventricle, dependent edema, jugular venous distension, sharp RUQ pain, cyanosis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
inflammatory lesions
Bell
lower frequency sounds
diaphragm
higher frequency sounds
High frequency
opening and closing of valves
low frequency
3rd and 4th heart sounds
vesicular breath sound
soft low pitch
Bronchovesicular breath sound
medium loud, medium pitch
Bronchial breath sound
loud, strong, high pitched
tracheal breath sound
very loud, high pitched
wheezing sound
high pitched whistling noise when breathing out, asthma, COPD,
Rhonchi sound
low pitched wheezing noise, COPD and bronchitis
crackling sound
series of short, explosive sounds, sounds like bubbling, rattling, or clicking, pneumonia, heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis
stridor sound
harsh, noisy squeaking with every breath
pleural friction rub
rough, scratchy sound, sign of pleurisy, pneumonia or lung tumor
