Exam 1 Flashcards
White blood cell count
Normal range is 4500-11000
less than 4500, light exercises
less than 1000, wear a mask, no exercise, usually very sick
Platelet count
Normal 150,000-400,000
less than 20,000, no exercise
Hypoglycemia symptoms
less than 70, Diaphoresis, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, hypotension, inability to follow commands, tingling, visual changes, seizures & unresponsiveness.
hyperglycemia symptoms
greater than 250, risky for exercise. greater than 300, ketoacidosis. other symptoms include Lethargy, acetone breath, dehydration, polyuria, thirst, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, weak rapid pulse, deep rapid labored breathing.
glucose ranges
normal, 4.0%-6.0%
good glucose control, 2.5%-5.9%
fair glucose control, 6.0%-7.0%
poor glucose control, greater than 7.0%
RNA virus (Covid, flu, common cold)
Direct cytopathic effect, disrupts integrity of the nucleus and cell membrane
DNA virus (hep B, herpes, small box, HPV)
indirect cytopathic effect, viral encoded proteins attach to cell membrane, integration into cellular genome
Injury from bacteria
release exotoxins and endotoxins that cause cell lysis, inflammatory reaction induced in the host, sepsis
types of atrophy
Disuse atrophy (reversible), pressure atrophy, endocrine atrophy, senile atrophy (aging)
Apoptosis
non pathologic, programmed cell death, cells shrink (blebs), phagocytosis without inflammation
Necrosis
Cells have died and do trigger inflammatory response
coagulation necrosis
anoxia caused by a blocked artery
(heart and kidney)
Liquefaction Necrosis
pyogenic bacteria invasion with
formation of purulent exudate (abscess)
Caseous necrosis
necrosis of diseased tissue with a more
solid mass (lungs)
Enzymatic fat necrosis
usually associated with the pancreas or pancreatitis
gangrenous necrosis
gangrene
Sub-Lethal cellular adaptations
Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
sub-lethal
reversible, preservation of the nucleus, biochemical changes in the cell
lethal
necrosis, non-reversible. Changes in the nucleus of a cell and cell membrane is disrupted
erythrocytes
red blood cells, 40 to 45% of blood volume, responsible for oxygen delivery
Leukocytes
white blood cells, found in blood and lymphatic systems
Neutrophils
most numbers, first responders, phagocytosis
monocytes
largest, phagocytosis
eosinophils
allergies, parasitic infections
basophils
allergic histamine response
Megakaryocytes
platelets, formed in bone marrow, smallest of the blood cells, respond, transform, and adhere to one another
3 steps of hemostasis
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, formation of a fibrin clot (coagulation)
lymphatic system
supports circulatory system, transports white blood cells, absorption, protection, manufacture of stem cells and white blood cells
too few red blood cells can cause…
anemia, feelings of coldness and symptoms of tiredness and weakness
too few white blood cells can cause…
being more susceptible to illness and infection
too few platelet count in the body can cause…
excessive bleeding and bruising, increases risk of internal bleeding and heart attack
too many red blood cells can cause…
thicker blood which can lead to strokes, tissue damage, or organ damage
too many white blood cells can cause…
usually means you have infection or inflammation in your body, could also indicate certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders
too many platelets in the body can cause…
blood clots to form in your blood vessels
Nucleolus function
Synthesizes rRNA and assemble ribosomes
Ribosomes function
essential to protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus
major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
digests compounds inside and outside the cell
11 organ systems
Integumentary, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, reproductive, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary system.
PT (Prothrombin Time)/INR (Internationalized Normal Ratio)
to evaluate proper anticoagulation
INR normal= 0.8-1.2 (blood clotting normally)
Higher INR means increased risk of bleeding, lower INR means increased risk of clotting
D-Dimer
blood test, measures D-dimer, a protein fragment made when blood clots dissolve in the body
Calcium
Tested to rule out kidney or bone disease, normal ranges are 9-11 mg/dl, use patient symptoms to determine exercise activity
Electrolytes - magnesium
Magnesium normal= 1.5 to 2.5 mEg/L, if hypo, check for EKG changes and consult a physician for appropriateness.
Electrolytes - Chloride
Normal is 95-105, no activity guidelines, use vital signs and monitor consciousness
Electrolytes - Potassium
maintains homeostasis, normal is 3.6 - 5.8, greater than 5.8 or less than 2.5 check with a physician prior to working with patient
Electrolytes - sodium
normal is 135 - 140, no activity guidelines, use vital signs
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
evaluates kidney function, normal is 10-20 mg/dL
Liver damage= decreased urea
excessive protein breakdown= increased urea
creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered by kidneys, elevated means impaired kidney function
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
normal 12-16 for females
normal 13-18 for males
8-10 light exercise to tolerance
less than 8, no exercise
Hematocrit (Hct)
men is 40 to 54%; for women it is 36 to 48%
30%-32% - resistance as tolerated
greater than 25% - light exercise
less than 25% - no exercise
Albumin - Alb
protein in blood, carrier for hormones and enzymes
Normal is 3.4-5.0
less than 2.5, no exercise
Rough endoplasmic reticula
Synthesis of proteins and cell membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration and detoxification of drugs
Anemia
Symptoms: easily fatigued, weakness, muscle cramping, Dyspnea, rapid pulse
Rehab implications: rest periods, frequent vital sign checks
CBC-RBC
-Normal 4.1 to 5.1 (female)
-Normal 4.5 to 5.3 (male)
Less than 4.1 results in symptoms
