EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
right side of heart receives blood from the
superior and inferior venae cavae
which side of the heart pumps blood through pulmonary arteries to pulmonary circulation?
right side
what makes up the apex of the heart?
lower left ventricle
heart has 3 layers
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
Where is the heart?
behind the sternum and above the diaphragm, in mediastinum
pulmonic valve separates
the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
mitral valve separates
the left atria from the left ventricle
tricuspid valve
separates the right atria from the right ventricle
AV valves
separate atria from ventricles
diastole
ventricles relax and fill with blood from left and right atria
movement of blood from atria to ventricles is accomplished when
pressure of blood in atria becomes higher than pressure in ventricles
In diastole, how much blood flows into relaxed ventricles?
80%
atrial kick
added atrial thrust forcing the remaining 20% of blood into ventricles during diastole
order of electrical impulse through heart
SA node, Av node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers
symptoms of left sided heart failure
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary congestion, restlessness, confusion, orthopnea, tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
right sided heart failure symptoms
fatigue, increased peripheral venous pressure, ascites, enlarged liver and, weight gain, dependent edema
SV x HR =
CO
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected by heart in one minute (4-6 L)
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected by heart each contracton
inotropics
affect the force of heart muscle contractions. can be positive or negative.
vasopressor
drug that constricts blood vessels to elevate blood pressure
vasodilator
opens blood vessels to decrease blood pressure
thrombolytics
CLOT BUSTERS
when are thrombolytics often used?
emergency scenarios in order to quickly restore blood flow
platelet inhibitors
reduce clotting factors
lipid-lowering agents
reduces levels of unwanted lipids in the blood, particularly cholesterol. reduces the risk of atherosclerosis
endarterectomy
procedure in which fatty deposits are removed from artery lining
Bypass and/or graft surgery
a blood vessel is taken from another part of the body to redirect blood flow around a blocked or narrowed artery
intra-aortic balloon pump
mechanical device that helps the heart pump blood. often used in patients with severe heart failure, or after heart attack
ablation therapy
targeted areas of heart tissues are destroyed or scarred to treat irregular heart rhythms
early manifestations of hypoxia
restlessness, confusion, pale skin, tachypnea, tachycardia, elevated BP
late signs of hypoxia
stupor, cyanotic skin, bradypnea, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac dysrhtyhmias
when using supplemental oxygen, how far should you remain from a heat source?
5-10 feet
RACE
rescue, alarm, contain/confine, extinguish
describe nasal cannula
inserted into nares. low flow delivery system. FiO2 of 24-44%, at a flow rate of 1-6 L / min
simple face mask
covers nose and mouth. claustrophobic people do not like this. 6-12 L/min. 35 to 50 percent
partial rebreather mask
covers nose and mouth. 60 to 75 percent, 6-11 L/min
non-rebreather mask
covers nose and mouth. 80 to 95 percent. 10-15 L/min. keep reservoir bag 2/3 full during inspiration and expiration/ delivers highest oxygen possible next to being intubated
venturi mask
adaptive. covers nose and mouth. 4-12 L/min at 24 to 50 percent. also provides humidification. we want humidificiation when delivering higher amounts of oxygen so as not to dry out mucous membranes
aereosol mask
face tent, trach collar. 20 to 100 percent. 10 L/ minute or more. high humidification
when should humidifcation be provided with oxygen?
over 4 L/min
