Exam 4 Study Flashcards
3 criteria of abnormal behavior
- deviant
- maladaptive
- personally distressful
deviant/disruptive behavior
statistically atypical, deviates from cultural norms
maladaptive/dysfunctional behavior
compromise ability to lead satisfying life, function effectively, or dangerous to self/others
personally distressful behavior
the person finds it troubling
biopsychosocial approach
- recognizes all 3 abnormal behavior criteria as potential influences of behavior
- recognizes that psychological disorders are caused by multiple factors
- recognizes that pre-existing conditions can put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder
vulnerabitlity stress model versus diathesis stress model
part of biopsychosocial approach
vulnerability stress - model that points out that a positive outcome of psychiatric disorder is more likely if environmental stress is minimized or managed, meds are taken and alcohol.drug is avoided
diathesis stress - model that believes that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions
Purposes of classification
- understand, treat, prevent, predict
- communication between clinicians
- billing/managed care
- DSM and ICD
DSM (diagnostic statistical manual) critiques
- relies too much on social norms and subjective judgements
- too many new categories without sufficient evidence
- loosened standards to meet criteria
- heterogeneity of presentation
- comorbidity
- focuses on problems, not strengths
neuro developmental disorders
- diagnosed in childhood
- often due to genetic differences, atypical brain development, prenatal exposure to teratogens
- include communication disorders, learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, etc
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- excessive anxiety and worry
- fatigue
- restlessness
- increased muscle aches and soreness
- impaired concentration
- irritability
- difficulty sleeping
OCD criteria
- presence of obsessions, compulsions or both
- these are time consuming and/or cause significant distress
-obsessions - recurrent and persistent thoughts, THOUGHTS
-compulsions - repetitive behaviors, ACTIONS
OCD cycle
obsessions > anxiety > relief > compulsions
Major depressive disorder
5 or more of the following during a 2 week period:
- depressed mood most of the day
- diminished interest or pleasure
- significant weight or appetite changes
- insomnia or hypersomnia
- psychomotor changes
- fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness
- difficulty concentrating
- suicidal ideation
Persistent Depressive Disorder
when major depressive disorder symptoms last for 2 years
mania
manic episode versus hypomanic episode
Common symptoms: decreased need for sleep, high sex drive, noticeability talking more, feeling euphoric, engaging in risky behavior (self harm, spending lots of money), increased energy levels
manic episode
Bipolar 1
abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week
hypomanic episode
bipolar 2
4 consecutive days of manic behavior
physical indications of fight or flight response
dilated pupils
pale/flushed skin
trembling
rapid HB and breathing
GAS - general adaption syndrome
identified by Hans Selye
Our stress response system defends, then fatigue
3 phases
phase 1 - alarm reaction
phase 2 - resistance
phase 3 - exhaustion
functions of stress
- stress can invigorate our lives by arousing and motivating us
- an unstressed life would not be challenging or productive
- stress keeps us safe
- stress reactions are related to self-preservation and species-preservation
functions of anger
- anger exists to promote survival
- anger can be motivating
- anger serves as a social and personal value indicator and regulator
- anger can be used as a “bargaining tool” and can increase cooperation
- anger can alert us to injustices
social determinants of health
- economic stability
- education access and quality
- health care access and quality
- neighborhood and built environment
- social and community context
- institutionalized discrimination = chronic stress
emotion focused coping skills
exercise, take a bath, give yourself a pep talk, meditate
problem focused coping skills
work on managing time, ask for support, establish healthy boundaries, create a to-do list
internal and external locus
external: negative thoughts such as “why is it always me, there’s nothing I can do about my future, why bother”, etc.
internal: positive thoughts such as “I determine my future, im going to give this a go, why not, I make things happen”, etc.
social support
social support calms us, lowers blood pressure, reduces stress hormones and leads to strong immune functioning
religion
a religious involvement can lead to:
healthy behavior, social support and positive emotions
which can lead to:
better physical stress
influences on well-being
emotional ups and downs tend to balance out over the long run
we overestimate the duration of our emotions and underestimate our resiliency
adaptation level phenomenon
tendency to form judgements relative to our prior experience
relative deprivation
perception that one is worse off than those in comparison
happy people tend to:
have high self esteem
be optimistic, outgoing, agreeable
have close, positive and lasting relationships
have work and leisure that engage their skills
have an active religious faith
sleep well and exercise
happiness is not related to these factors:
age
gender
physical attractiveness
schizophrenia
schizo = “split”
phrenia = “mind”
- the mind is split from reality
- treatment can help
- only 1 in 7 make a full recovery
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
innapropriate behaviors are present
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
appropriate behaviors are absent
disturbed perceptions and beliefs of schizophrenia
hallucinations and delusions
schizophrenia brain abnormalities
dopamine overactivity with positive symptoms
abnormal activity low in the frontal lobes
abnormal anatomy - enlarged fluid ventricles
schizophrenia in prenatal - what can cause
low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older mom, and oxygen deprivation at delivery
fetal viral infections
dissociative disorders
controversial and rare
conscious awareness dissociates
two or more distinct personalities which deny awareness of each other
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
children can display this by age 8 but only half display this as adults
lower emotional intelligence
impulsive
genetic and environmental influences
reduced activation to witnessing danger
