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PSY100 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In what stage do sleep spindles begin to appear on the EEG machine?

A

Stage N2

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2
Q

….muscular activity cause his eyeballs to move back and forth beneath his eyelids. In what stage of sleep is he

A

Stage R - REM

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3
Q

Describe the N3 stage of sleep

A

The individual is deeply asleep. Delta waves dominate the EEG pattern, and snoring might occur.

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4
Q

What is NREM

A

NON-rapid eye movement

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5
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of sleep?

A

REM and NREM

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6
Q

During what stage of sleep do myoclonic jerks occur?

A

Stage N1

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7
Q

Which drug classe most operate through disrupting the typical function of the serotonin neurotransmitter system?

A

Hallucinogen

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8
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness

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9
Q

How is awareness regulated?

A

Arousal

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10
Q

What is higher level consciousness

A

more controlled processing, ie studying for an exam, planning, problem solving.
means youre paying attention

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11
Q

What is lower level consciousness

A

automatic processing, requires little attention. ie, daydreaming, wandering thoughts.
Daydreaming can be potentially useful in problem solving

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12
Q

What are altered states of consciousness

A

fatigue/illness/trauma/deprivation/stress from immediate situation, drug states, meditation/hypnosis

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13
Q

What is subconscious awareness

A

Incubation - subconscious processing
Parallel processing - the process of your eyes seeing something
Sleep and dreams - low level of consciousness of the outside world and reversible

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14
Q

What are biological rhythms

A

Different fluctuations of the brains sub-consciousness
1. annual or seasonal
2. 24 hour cycles (circadian rhythms), natural sun goes down we wanna be asleep, sun comes up we wanna be awake

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15
Q

What are examples of biological clocks

A
  1. desynchronizing the clock. Jet lag, shift-work problems, insomnia
  2. resetting the clock. using bright light to wake up, using melatonin to help with insomnia.
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16
Q

Why do we need sleep

A
  1. Adaptive Evolutionary Function - helps us conserve our energy and keeps us safe (sleep at night when we cant see well, biological)
  2. Restorative Function - helps with cellular growth and repair
  3. Brain Plasticity - enhances synaptic connections and memory consolidation
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17
Q

What does chronic sleep deprivation result in

A
  • decreased alertness and cognitive function
  • inability to sustain attention
  • less complex brain activity
  • adverse effects on decision making
    It is advised 7-9 hours of sleep
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18
Q

What does EEG measure

A

Our sleep waves/brain activity when we sleep

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19
Q

Stage W?

A

Wakefulness
Called Beta Waves when alert
High frequency, low amplitude
Called Alpha Waves when relaxed
Increased amplitude and more synchronous

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20
Q

Stage N1?

A

Called Theta Waves
Happens in shallow sleep

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21
Q

Stage N2?

A

Also theta waves
This is when sleep spindles happen

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22
Q

Stage N3

A

Delta waves
full, deep sleep
slowest frequency and highest amplitude of brain waves

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23
Q

Stage R

A

REM sleep
EEG is similar to relaxed wakefulness

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24
Q

What does REM stand for

A

Rapid Eye Movement
This is when dreaming happens

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25
Q

Non-REM sleep (stages N1-N3)

A

No rapid eye movement
very little dreaming

26
Q

How many cycles do we have per night?

A

Around 5 cycles every night of the stages of sleep
Each cycle is around 90-100 minutes long

27
Q

Stages in a typical night:

A

60% of the night in N1, N2
20% of the night in N3
20% of the night in REM

28
Q

Reticular Formation

A

In the older part of the brain
critical in sleep and arousal

29
Q

Neurotransmitters for sleep

A

Serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine
GABA receptors help regulate sleep

30
Q

How does light affect sleep

A

Light tells your brain to not produce melatonin and vice versa

31
Q

How does sleep change across the life span

A

You need less sleep as you get older

32
Q

How is sleep related to disease

A
  • stroke and asthma attacks are more common at night and early in the morning
  • infectious diseases induce sleep
  • sleep deprivation hampers immune response
  • sleep problems are more common in those why psychological and other disorders
33
Q

Sleep deprivation affects:

A

Your brain, heart, stomach, muscles, immune system, fat cells and joints.
Heart - high blood pressure
brain - decreased ability to focus
stomach - more hungry
fat cells - more deposits
muscles - deprived
joints - arthritis
immune system - more susceptible to infectious diseases

34
Q

What is Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach to sleep

A

Sleep helps manifest and latent content

35
Q

What is Cognitive Theory

A

Sleep helps the brain process information and memory

36
Q

What is Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

Sleep helps the brain make sense out of random brain activity

37
Q

Freud’s Wish Fullfillment

A

Dreams helps provide safety in unacceptable feelings. This theory lacks any scientific approach.

38
Q

5 types of sleep disorders

A
  1. insomnia
  2. sleepwalking/sleep talking
  3. nightmares/night terrors
  4. narcolepsy
  5. sleep apnea
39
Q

How common is insomnia?

A

Seen in 1 in 10 adults, but as people get older it’s seen in 1 in 4 adults

40
Q

How common is sleep apnea?

A

Seen in 1 in 20 adults

41
Q

What do psychoactive drugs do?

A

They change mood and perception

42
Q

When is drug use considered a disorder?

A
  • diminished control
  • cravings, failed attempts to regulate
  • diminished social functioning
  • disrupts commitments
  • hazardous use
  • worsening problems
43
Q

What neurotransmitter do drugs increase?

A

Dopamine

44
Q

What can continued use of psychoactive drugs lead to?

A
  • tolerance
  • physical/psychological dependence
  • addiction
  • substance use disorder
  • losing track of responsibilities
  • problems in workplace/relationships
45
Q

Alcohol dependence mimics what in the brain/MRI?

A

Dementia
lots of deterioration of the brain in MRI

46
Q

What does alcohol do to your neural processing?

A

Slows it down
Slows the sympathetic nervous system

47
Q

How does heavy drinking after moderate drinking affect your body?

A

Moderate drinking depresses your vomiting response, so heavy drinking following moderate drinking will almost stop your vomiting response altogether and when your body needs to vomit, it won’t, leading to alcohol poisoning/overdose

48
Q

What are barbituates?

A

Tranquilizers

49
Q

What do barbituates do?

A
  • depress nervous system
  • can impair memory and judgement
  • Can induce sleep and/or help with anxiety
50
Q

What are opiates?

A
  • opium, heroin, methadone, codeine, oxycotin, morphine, fentanyl
51
Q

What do opiates do?

A
  • depress neural functioning
  • helps replace pain with pleasure
  • leads to lethargy and slow breathing
  • leads to cravings and withdrawals quickly
  • overflowing brain leads to it stopping from making its own endorphins
52
Q

What do stimulants do?

A
  • excite neural activity
  • speeds up body functions
  • helps us feel alert, lose weight, boost mood and performance
53
Q

What are some side effects of nicotine?

A
  • arouses the brain
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • relaxes muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress
  • reduces circulation to extremities
  • suppresses appetite for carbs
54
Q

What are some side effects of cocaine?

A
  • powerfully addictive
  • overflows the brain with dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
  • triggers aggression
  • emotional disturbances, convulsions, cardiac arrest and respiratory failure
55
Q

Cocaine blocks the re-uptake of neurotransmitters

A
56
Q

What are some side effects of meth?

A
  • stimulates neural activity
  • body functions speed up
  • mood soars
  • releases dopamine
  • lasts about 8 hours
  • aftereffects: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression and violent outbursts
  • reduces baseline dopamine levels over time
57
Q

What are some side effects of ecstasy?

A
  • releases dopamine and stored serotonin
  • dehydrates your body
  • damages serotonin producing neurons
  • suppresses immune system
  • impairs memory
  • disrupts sleep
58
Q

What are some side effects of hallucinogens?

A
  • distorts perceptions
  • evokes sensory images
  • dissolves sense of self
  • can invoke experiences similar to near death
59
Q

What are some side effects of THC?

A
  • amplifies sensitivity to senses
  • impairs motor coordination and reaction time
  • lingers in the body for more than a week
  • alleviates chronic pain
  • not associated with lung cancer
  • associated with chronic bronchitis, psychosis, social anxiety disorder and suicidal thoughts
  • impairs attention, learning and memory
60
Q

What are some biological influences of drug effects?

A
  • identical twins have a higher risk of using if their twin does
  • genes that lead to the brain producing less dopamine than normal
  • drugs reprogram the brain’s reward system

PSY100 (10 decks)

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