EXAM 3 STUDY Flashcards
Temperament and mood during growth are ____
stable
Social attitudes during growth are ____
unstable
When do most people mature?
after adolescence
When are social attitudes the most unstable
in late adolescence
What can biggest smilers during childhood predict
happiness as adults/happiness in marriages
Zygotes
- fertilized eggs
- fewer than half survive past the first 2 weeks
Embryo
inner zygote cells
Placenta
outer zygote cells
Fetus
happens 9 weeks after conception
by 6 months there is a good chance of survival outside the womb
Epigenetic effect
- chemical marks on DNA
- alcohol = switches genes on and off abnormally
- smoking - weakens ability to handle stress
fetal alcohol syndrome
low birth weight, birth defects, future behavioral issues, lower intelligence
Drinking while pregnant can inhibit the childs ____
likeness for alcohol growing up. The more mom drinks while pregnant, the more the child will drink
teratogens
occurs with viruses and drugs - one reason why pregnant women shouldn’t drink or smoke
Alcohol reduces _____ for both mother and baby
CNS activity
The placenta filters out ______ but some can slip by
harmful substances
Newborns have reflexes
true
newborns have grasping reflex
true
newborns have startle reflex
true
newborns can move thing away that interfere with their breathing
true
newborns can withdraw their limbs when they feel pain
true
what is habituation in newborns
getting used to something and not finding it interesting
what is the still face study
a mother’s unemotional face is used to evoke pronounced behavioral reactions in her baby such as gaze aversion and a decrease in smiling.
What do babies respond to the most
the human face and human voice
babies prefer the smell of their ______
caretakers
babies prefer faces that are closer to them
true
8-12, like when nursing
babies look at images longer when they look more like faces
true
what happens during brain development
neural networks expand
we are born with almost all the brain cells we have
true
what develops in the brain throughout growth?
the wiring of the brain cells
what stage of life does the brain size increase the most rapidly
infant - the few days following birth
what age does the most rapid growth in the frontal lobe occur
3 to 6
what area of the brain is the last to develop
association areas
what part of the brain development allows for physical coordination
cerebellum
how many babies walk before 1 year old
50%
how many babies walk before 15 months old
90%
why can’t babies control their bowels and their bladder before a certain age
the brain needs to mature/develop enough in motor area
what do certain countries do to accelerate walking in babies
massage
what is the sensorimotor stage
where object permanence happens
what is baby physics
happens in the sensorimotor stage. babies stare longer at impossible or unexpected things, such as a car passing through a solid object
what is the preoperational stage
pretend play and symbolic thinking
- lack concept of conservation
- difficulty seeing others’ points of view (egocentric)
- ideas about your own and others’ mental states (theory of mind)
what are the 4 attachment styles
secure, preoccupied, dismissing, fearful
what are the two categories of attachment styles
model of self and model of other
what is fearful attachment
negative model of other (avoids intimacy) and negative model of self (anxious)
what is secure attachement
positive model of other (seeks others out) and positive model of self (self confident)
what is preoccupied attachment
positive model of other, negative model of self
overly invested in close relationships, depend on others for self worth, needy
what is dismissing attachment
positive model of self, negative model of other
compulsively self reliant, distant in relationships
what are the 4 parenting styles
permissive, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian
permissive parenting style
child driven
rarely enforces rules
overindulges child to avoid conflict
authoritative parenting style
solves problems with child
sets clear rules and expectations
open communication with natural consequences
neglectful parenting styles
uninvolved/absent
provides little nurturance or guidance
indifferent to childs social-emotional/behavioral needs
authoritarian parenting style
parent driven
strict rules with strict punishment
one way communication
no consideration of child’s emotional and behavioral needs
what is puberty
sexual maturation during growth
what can early physical maturation lead to
more popularity, self assurance and independence
more high risk behaviors
what happens in teenage brain development
- pruning of unused neurons
- myelin increases in frontal lobes
- ^ leads to better judgement, impulse control and long term planning
- the brain is behind puberty’s hormonal surge and limbic system
- ^ leads to impulsiveness, risky behaviors and emotional tantrums
what is moral intuition
happens during cognitive development
- morality is rooted in gut feelings
what is moral action
happens during cognitive development
- can be influenced by powerful situation
- moral development requires impulse control to do the right thing
delay gratification study
showed kids who waited had high college completion and incomes and less addiction issues
parent and peer relationships
- we seek to fit our groups
- teens pull away from parents
- teens are herd animals
- teens network rapidly, social media
- exclusion and bullying is very painful
- personalities are not easily sculpted by parents
what is the selection effect
kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests during teenage years
what age is emerging adulthood
18-mid 20s
what do sex hormones direct
the development of sexual organs prenatally
sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone
sexual dysfunctions
erectile disorder, female orgasmic disorder, low desire
paraphilias
unusual sexual interests - necrophilia, pedophilia….considered a disorder if it causes distress to themselves or harm to others
predictors of sexual restraint
high intelligence (achievement > pleasure)
religious engagement (wait for adulthood, stable relationships)
father presence (both parents matter)
service learning participation
evolution and sexuality
- universally, men are more easily sexually excited than females
- we are more attracted to healthy/fertile looking people
why are we more attracted to fertile looking people
- women have pregnancy and child birth at stake
- men can get women pregnant and have nothing at stake
sex and human relationships
- intimacy is social
- the brain areas for reward overlap at love and sexual desire, familiar partners are more satisfying
- modern cultures have gender roles that are slowly merging
social learning theory
children acquire their gender identity based on the influence of other people
observation – memory – imitation – motivation – learning
gender identity
who you are and know yourself to be
gender expression
how you present and communicate your gender identity
sex assigned at birth
category medical institutions assigned a body part at birth
psychodynamic theory
Freud
- human behavior that is a dynamic interaction between your conscious mind and unconscious mind
- comes from psychoanalysis
- internal conflicts from gender roles
projective test
- personality test with ambigous images that brings out inneer feeling
- used to identify the way a person perceives certain situations
- inkblot test
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological (air, water, food…)
- safety
- love and belonging
- esteem (respect, status, freedom…)
- self actualization (the best version of yourself)
part of classic motivation theories. the idea that we prioritize survival-based needs and then social needs more than the needs for esteem and meaning
stability of maslow’s needs
change over time, but stabilize with age
maslow’s needs: do they reflect birth order
no
maslows needs: heritable traits?
40%
maslow’s needs: do they reflect different brain structures?
some correlate with brain size and location
maslows needs: do they apply to other cultures?
yes
maslows needs: do they predict behaviors?
yes
4 classic motivation theories
- instincts and evolutionary theory
- drive reduction theory
- arousal theory
- maslow’s hierarchy of needs
instincts and evolutionary theory
there is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior
drive reduction theory
physiological needs create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need
arousal theory
our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need (hunger for information or yearning for stimulation)
