EXAM 2 STUDY

Question 1

BF Skinner main 3 questions in behavioral control?

Answer 1

• he wants to measure the effect of consequences on chosen behavior
• what else can creatures be
  taught to do by controlling consequences?
• what happens when we change the timing of reinforcement?

Question 2

What is rewarding successive approximations?

Answer 2

rewarding behaviors as you get closer to what you want
A part of shaping. behavior

Question 3

Positive reinforcement examples

Answer 3

pet a dog that comes when you call it or pay someone for work done

Question 4

negative reinforcement examples

Answer 4

take painkillers to end pain or fasten seatbelt to end loud beeping

Question 5

positive reinforcement

Answer 5

add a desirable stimulus

Question 6

negative reinforcement

Answer 6

remove an aversive stimulus

Question 7

response rates are most consistent with ____

Answer 7

variable an highest with ratio schedules

Question 8

reinforcement schedules

Answer 8

the timing of reinforcment based on the ratio or interval

Question 9

rayio fixed va ratio variable

Answer 9

reinforcement after every xth behavior - 10th coffee get 1 free
vs
reinforcement after a random # of behaviors, playing slot machines

Question 10

interval fixed vs interval variable

Answer 10

for behavior after a fixed time, tuesday discount price
vs
for behavior after random amount of time, checking phone for message

Question 11

positive punishment

Answer 11

administer an aversive stimulus, spray water on a barking dog or traffic ticket for speeding

Question 12

negavtive punishment

Answer 12

withdraw a rewarding stimulus, grounding a teenager for bad behavior

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

example: connect quizzes online or reinforcing small wins in a sports teams and then making the challenger harder as they keep going. in parenting, explain bad behavior and redirect it

Question 14

aversion

Answer 14

example: ate something bad once and yuou don’t want to eat it again
wolves developing an aversion to eating sheep in the fields by feeding sheep something laced with poison

Question 15

cognition and classical conditioning

Answer 15

all animals learn EXPECTANCY (the likeliness that something will occur)
predictability - some things are better predictors than others, example: hearing thunder loud is predictability of lightning vs hearing rumbles far away

Question 16

observational learning

Answer 16

social learning, moderling
bobo doll experiement: can model aggression and children can pick up on it easily

Question 17

imitation

Answer 17

children over imitate irrelevant action. example: stroking a jar with feather before opening the jar

Question 18

observational learning applied

Answer 18

model prosocial behaviors, example: jobs training through modeling
morality can be modeled

Question 19

recall

Answer 19

measure of memory - fill in the blank

Question 20

recognition

Answer 20

measure of memory - multiple choice

Question 21

relearning

Answer 21

time saved when learning something again

Question 22

We remember more than we can recall

Answer 22

picking out from a list is easier than recalling a whole list

Question 23

encoding

Answer 23

memory models - getting info into the brain

Question 24

storage

Answer 24

memory models - over time

Question 25

retrieval

Answer 25

memory models - getting info out of the brain

Question 26

memory models explain:

Answer 26

starts withh sensory input, encoding happens between sensory memory and working/short term memory, encoding between short term memory and long term memory. Retrieval between long term memory and short term memory

Question 27

effortful processing strategies examples

Answer 27

chunking - breaking up into familiar manageable units
mnemonics - PEMDAS, ROYGBIV
hierarchies - diving info into more and more specific categories

Question 28

levels of processing deep vs shallow

Answer 28

shallow: encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance. What does the word look like?
deep: encoding semantically based on meaning, yields better retention. What does the word mean?

Question 29

How do we know we cant take out once specific memory?

Answer 29

Lashley discovered that memories were stored in a network of locations

Question 30

retrieving memories

Answer 30

left frontal lobe - recalling a password
right frontal lobe - recalling a visual party scene

Question 31

explicit memory system location

Answer 31

front lobes and hippocampus
deals with semantic or episodic and memory consolidation

Question 32

memory consolidation happens better when ____

Answer 32

you sleep on information

Question 33

implicit memory system

Answer 33

in cerebellum - memory is formed and stored, conditioned reflexes
in basal ganglia - memory is procedural, receives infor from cortex but does not send

Question 34

synaptic changes

Answer 34

experiences and learning increased the number of synapses in the brain

Question 35

long term potentiation

Answer 35

physical basis for memory or an increase in cell firring potential after brief and rapid stimulation. Can wipe out current memories but not old ones

Question 36

contect dependent memory

Answer 36

seeing your instructor at a bar - seeing someone you know out of context
deja vu or i know them but from where

Question 37

state dependent memory

Answer 37

mood impacts what or how we remember
sober vs intoxicated

Question 38

Why do we forget memories?

Answer 38

• encoding failures - something you didn’t notice in the first place
• storage decay - forgetting things naturally over time or memory durability
• retrieval failures - something that’s on the tip of your tongue but you can’t remember. Stems from interference such as distraction

Question 39

misinformation effects

Answer 39

• source amnesia - faulty memory for where, how, when or who - specifics
• thinking a buzz feed article is from a scientific source

Question 40

true vs false memories

Answer 40

• we more easily remember the gist of things rather than the specifics
• false memories are socially contagious through storytelling
• many convicted people based on witnesses have been clearned with DNA evidence - eye witness testimony wrong

Question 41

how to improve memory

Answer 41

• rehearse
• associate
• retrieval cues
• mneumonic devices
• minimizing interferences
• sleep on it
• test yourself

Question 42

prototype model

Answer 42

instances of a concept are understoof as a variation of a prototype of that concept - looking for a “family resemblence”

Question 43

problem solving obstacles

Answer 43

• fixation - using a prior strategy only
• functional fixedness - getting fixated on the usual function of something

Question 44

influences on testing

Answer 44

• cultural bias in testing
• genetic influences on

Question 45

theories of multiple influences

Answer 45

triarchic theory of intelligence:
- analytical
- creative
- practical