EXAM 2 STUDY Flashcards
BF Skinner main 3 questions in behavioral control?
- he wants to measure the effect of consequences on chosen behavior
- what else can creatures be
taught to do by controlling consequences? - what happens when we change the timing of reinforcement?
What is rewarding successive approximations?
rewarding behaviors as you get closer to what you want
A part of shaping. behavior
Positive reinforcement examples
pet a dog that comes when you call it or pay someone for work done
negative reinforcement examples
take painkillers to end pain or fasten seatbelt to end loud beeping
positive reinforcement
add a desirable stimulus
negative reinforcement
remove an aversive stimulus
response rates are most consistent with ____
variable an highest with ratio schedules
reinforcement schedules
the timing of reinforcment based on the ratio or interval
rayio fixed va ratio variable
reinforcement after every xth behavior - 10th coffee get 1 free
vs
reinforcement after a random # of behaviors, playing slot machines
interval fixed vs interval variable
for behavior after a fixed time, tuesday discount price
vs
for behavior after random amount of time, checking phone for message
positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulus, spray water on a barking dog or traffic ticket for speeding
negavtive punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus, grounding a teenager for bad behavior
operant conditioning
example: connect quizzes online or reinforcing small wins in a sports teams and then making the challenger harder as they keep going. in parenting, explain bad behavior and redirect it
aversion
example: ate something bad once and yuou don’t want to eat it again
wolves developing an aversion to eating sheep in the fields by feeding sheep something laced with poison
cognition and classical conditioning
all animals learn EXPECTANCY (the likeliness that something will occur)
predictability - some things are better predictors than others, example: hearing thunder loud is predictability of lightning vs hearing rumbles far away
observational learning
social learning, moderling
bobo doll experiement: can model aggression and children can pick up on it easily
imitation
children over imitate irrelevant action. example: stroking a jar with feather before opening the jar
observational learning applied
model prosocial behaviors, example: jobs training through modeling
morality can be modeled
recall
measure of memory - fill in the blank
recognition
measure of memory - multiple choice
relearning
time saved when learning something again
We remember more than we can recall
picking out from a list is easier than recalling a whole list
encoding
memory models - getting info into the brain
storage
memory models - over time
retrieval
memory models - getting info out of the brain
memory models explain:
starts withh sensory input, encoding happens between sensory memory and working/short term memory, encoding between short term memory and long term memory. Retrieval between long term memory and short term memory
effortful processing strategies examples
chunking - breaking up into familiar manageable units
mnemonics - PEMDAS, ROYGBIV
hierarchies - diving info into more and more specific categories
levels of processing deep vs shallow
shallow: encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance. What does the word look like?
deep: encoding semantically based on meaning, yields better retention. What does the word mean?
How do we know we cant take out once specific memory?
Lashley discovered that memories were stored in a network of locations
retrieving memories
left frontal lobe - recalling a password
right frontal lobe - recalling a visual party scene
explicit memory system location
front lobes and hippocampus
deals with semantic or episodic and memory consolidation
memory consolidation happens better when ____
you sleep on information
implicit memory system
in cerebellum - memory is formed and stored, conditioned reflexes
in basal ganglia - memory is procedural, receives infor from cortex but does not send
synaptic changes
experiences and learning increased the number of synapses in the brain
long term potentiation
physical basis for memory or an increase in cell firring potential after brief and rapid stimulation. Can wipe out current memories but not old ones
contect dependent memory
seeing your instructor at a bar - seeing someone you know out of context
deja vu or i know them but from where
state dependent memory
mood impacts what or how we remember
sober vs intoxicated
Why do we forget memories?
- encoding failures - something you didn’t notice in the first place
- storage decay - forgetting things naturally over time or memory durability
- retrieval failures - something that’s on the tip of your tongue but you can’t remember. Stems from interference such as distraction
misinformation effects
- source amnesia - faulty memory for where, how, when or who - specifics
- thinking a buzz feed article is from a scientific source
true vs false memories
- we more easily remember the gist of things rather than the specifics
- false memories are socially contagious through storytelling
- many convicted people based on witnesses have been clearned with DNA evidence - eye witness testimony wrong
how to improve memory
- rehearse
- associate
- retrieval cues
- mneumonic devices
- minimizing interferences
- sleep on it
- test yourself
prototype model
instances of a concept are understoof as a variation of a prototype of that concept - looking for a “family resemblence”
problem solving obstacles
- fixation - using a prior strategy only
- functional fixedness - getting fixated on the usual function of something
influences on testing
- cultural bias in testing
- genetic influences on
theories of multiple influences
triarchic theory of intelligence:
- analytical
- creative
- practical
