Exam 4 questions

Question 1

this theory emphasizes imitation and “role modeling” in its approach to understanding behavior

Answer 1

social learning theory

Question 2

according to Pavlov, these stimuli were biologically neutral before an association was made

Answer 2

unconditioned stimuli

Question 3

Pavlov believed that this was inhibited, not eliminated

Answer 3

conditioned response

Question 4

neobehaviorists believed that this process was of prime importance and therefore should be studied intensely

Answer 4

learning

Question 5

blinking would be an example of this category of Watson’s four types of behavior

Answer 5

explicit unlearned behavior

Question 6

this behavioral psychologist’s studies with little Albert suggested that fear responses could generalize to stimuli similar to the original fear object

Answer 6

Watson

Question 7

this type of shaping can occur even if there is no contingency between a behavior and a reinforcement (as with the pecking behavior we saw in the video in class)

Answer 7

autoshaping

Question 8

according to logical positivism, this is the ultimate authority in scientific study

Answer 8

anything observable

Question 9

Skinner defined this as the increase in behavior frequency as a consequence of the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 9

negative reinforcement

Question 10

according to Hull, a behavior has a high habit strength if it reduces this

Answer 10

drive

Question 11

over time, this will occur if the CS is presented but is not followed by the US

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

Pavlov reasoned that a strong stimulus could cause this in an organism, resulting in the displacement of an inhibitory response

Answer 12

disinhibition

Question 13

this “ism” was a derogatory term used by Tolman to describe the stimulus-response approach to learning by John Watson

Answer 13

twitchism

Question 14

according to Skinner, a stimulus is this kind of stimulus if it makes a specific previously learned response more likely

Answer 14

discriminative

Question 15

Tolman argued that this could be seen in an organism’s behavior and not just inferred from it

Answer 15

purpose

Question 16

Tolman’s experiment with rats discussed in class was interpreted as demonstrating that reinforcement affects this and not learning

Answer 16

performance

Question 17

this term was used by Skinner to describe those internal, unobservable, mental events that many people use to explain behavior

Answer 17

cognitive fictions

Question 18

Russian objective psychology denied that these caused behavior

Answer 18

mental events

Question 19

Pavlov described this as the return of a consolidated response after a period of extinction

Answer 19

spontaneous recovery

Question 20

in a video in class,a rat stopped showing a fear response the longer it was exposed to a loud noise. what is the name for this process?

Answer 20

habituation

Question 21

what is the major difference between radical behaviorism and methodological behaviorism?

Answer 21

radical behaviorism holds that anything immaterial (like thought) is not worth studying and only observable behavior is scientific
methodological behaviorism holds that internal events may be inferred from observable behavior which is a proxy for thought

Question 22

What did Tolman mean by intervening variables?

Answer 22

cognitive events that intervened between environmental events and behavior

Question 23

What are the four major schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 23

fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio

Question 24

How did Russian objective psychologists use the concept of inhibition to characterize the nature of psychological development?

Answer 24

to them, inhibition was the reduction or cessation of activity caused by stimulation. cortical function (conscious thought) may be to inhibit reflexive behavior (e.g.: toddler learns to inhibit pee reflex)

Question 25

according to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that does what?

Answer 25

anything that increases the probability of a behavior occurring again in the future

Question 26

some people refer to the “ABC” model of Skinnerian behaviorism. What are the three elements of this model?

Answer 26

(A) Antecedent cue signal, or condition for behavior to occur
(B) Behavior
(C) Consequence- the outcome or feedback that occurs following the behavior

Question 27

What is latent learning?

Answer 27

learning that has occurred but has not yet become evident in behavior as in the mice who didn’t do the maze correctly very often until they began being rewarded

Question 28

why is Albert Bandura important in the history of psychology?

Answer 28

he established social learning theory which was used to explain a number of behaviors such as children picking up violent tactics after observing a model in the Bobo doll study

Question 29

according to neobehaviorism, what is the major problem with terms like “respect”, “anxiety”, and “intelligence”?

Answer 29

these terms have no straightforward operational definition and are therefore difficult to observe and quantify

Question 30

according to Tolman, what three cognitive elements combined through experience to create a cognitive map in an organism?

Answer 30

vicarious trial and error gives the organism a hypothesis (1). the hypothesis results in expectancies (2) which, after enough confirmations, organisms believe the hypothesis and a cognitive map (3) is formed