Exam 4 questions Flashcards
this theory emphasizes imitation and “role modeling” in its approach to understanding behavior
social learning theory
according to Pavlov, these stimuli were biologically neutral before an association was made
unconditioned stimuli
Pavlov believed that this was inhibited, not eliminated
conditioned response
neobehaviorists believed that this process was of prime importance and therefore should be studied intensely
learning
blinking would be an example of this category of Watson’s four types of behavior
explicit unlearned behavior
this behavioral psychologist’s studies with little Albert suggested that fear responses could generalize to stimuli similar to the original fear object
Watson
this type of shaping can occur even if there is no contingency between a behavior and a reinforcement (as with the pecking behavior we saw in the video in class)
autoshaping
according to logical positivism, this is the ultimate authority in scientific study
anything observable
Skinner defined this as the increase in behavior frequency as a consequence of the removal of an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
according to Hull, a behavior has a high habit strength if it reduces this
drive
over time, this will occur if the CS is presented but is not followed by the US
extinction
Pavlov reasoned that a strong stimulus could cause this in an organism, resulting in the displacement of an inhibitory response
disinhibition
this “ism” was a derogatory term used by Tolman to describe the stimulus-response approach to learning by John Watson
twitchism
according to Skinner, a stimulus is this kind of stimulus if it makes a specific previously learned response more likely
discriminative
Tolman argued that this could be seen in an organism’s behavior and not just inferred from it
purpose
Tolman’s experiment with rats discussed in class was interpreted as demonstrating that reinforcement affects this and not learning
performance
this term was used by Skinner to describe those internal, unobservable, mental events that many people use to explain behavior
cognitive fictions
Russian objective psychology denied that these caused behavior
mental events
Pavlov described this as the return of a consolidated response after a period of extinction
spontaneous recovery
in a video in class,a rat stopped showing a fear response the longer it was exposed to a loud noise. what is the name for this process?
habituation
what is the major difference between radical behaviorism and methodological behaviorism?
radical behaviorism holds that anything immaterial (like thought) is not worth studying and only observable behavior is scientific
methodological behaviorism holds that internal events may be inferred from observable behavior which is a proxy for thought
What did Tolman mean by intervening variables?
cognitive events that intervened between environmental events and behavior
What are the four major schedules of reinforcement?
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
How did Russian objective psychologists use the concept of inhibition to characterize the nature of psychological development?
to them, inhibition was the reduction or cessation of activity caused by stimulation. cortical function (conscious thought) may be to inhibit reflexive behavior (e.g.: toddler learns to inhibit pee reflex)
according to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that does what?
anything that increases the probability of a behavior occurring again in the future
some people refer to the “ABC” model of Skinnerian behaviorism. What are the three elements of this model?
(A) Antecedent cue signal, or condition for behavior to occur
(B) Behavior
(C) Consequence- the outcome or feedback that occurs following the behavior
What is latent learning?
learning that has occurred but has not yet become evident in behavior as in the mice who didn’t do the maze correctly very often until they began being rewarded
why is Albert Bandura important in the history of psychology?
he established social learning theory which was used to explain a number of behaviors such as children picking up violent tactics after observing a model in the Bobo doll study
according to neobehaviorism, what is the major problem with terms like “respect”, “anxiety”, and “intelligence”?
these terms have no straightforward operational definition and are therefore difficult to observe and quantify
according to Tolman, what three cognitive elements combined through experience to create a cognitive map in an organism?
vicarious trial and error gives the organism a hypothesis (1). the hypothesis results in expectancies (2) which, after enough confirmations, organisms believe the hypothesis and a cognitive map (3) is formed
