Exam 1 original studying

Question 1

determinism

Answer 1

causes of behavior exist and we can figure them out

Question 2

non-deteminism

Answer 2

the individual is the cause of all behaviors (freewill) and is responsible for everything - non-determinism rejects the scientific study of cause

Question 3

indeterminism

Answer 3

yes, there are specific causes of behavior but we can’t possibly know them; causes of behavior can’t be accurately measured

Question 4

naive realism

Answer 4

the belief that the world is exactly the same as how it appears to us; trusting that our senses are a completely 1:1 representation of reality

Question 5

teleology

Answer 5

the belief that nature is purposive

Question 6

Democtritus

Answer 6

defined atoms as unchangeable, basic parts of all things

Question 7

empiricism

Answer 7

philosophical view holding that knowledge is best attained through sensory experience rather than rational argument

Question 8

reflex/reflects

Answer 8

physical movement activated by sensory stimulation as described by Descartes

Question 9

What do scientists have to settle for, according to Newton?

Answer 9

they have to settle for probabilities instead of certainties when trying to understand natural laws due to human limitations or ignorance

Question 10

Galileo’s secondary qualities

Answer 10

“qualities” of the world that cannot be described mathematically

Question 11

Locke’s simple ideas

Answer 11

those that cannot be broken down into other ideas (e.g.: red)

Question 12

Locke’s complex ideas

Answer 12

those that are composites of simple ideas (e.g.: dog is red and big and has his own PBS show)

Question 13

Descartes’ innate ideas

Answer 13

exist in the human mind simply because thinking exists; ideas that could not be derived from experience (e.g.: unity, infinity, perfection) these exist through intuition or were placed in the mind by God → British empiricists rejected this view

Question 14

Cartesian dualism

Answer 14

the mind and body are separate entities that exist together: body is subject to scientific study and the mind is not. The Church especially appreciated this idea.

Question 15

Classification [description] is not explanation

Answer 15

Newtonian principle of science holding that understanding why anything acts as it does requires knowing the physical attributes of the object being acted on and the nature of the forces acting on it

Question 16

a posteriori knowledge

Answer 16

[Hume] also known as empirical or synthetic knowledge which is only gained through experience or observation

Question 17

a priori knowledge

Answer 17

[Hume] also known as demonstrative or analytic knowledge which is rational in nature but says nothing about empirical world, no experience necessary

Question 18

synthetic a priori knowledge

Answer 18

[Kant] informative, necessary knowledge (like a priori) but which also requires reference to an outside principle in order to be useful (like synthetic)

Question 19

non-sense

Answer 19

[Hume] knowledge that is true neither empirically or demonstratively (e.g. God is non-sense because you cannot rationalize God or truly observe the dude)

Question 20

natural laws

Answer 20

[Newton] those which govern the natural world, there are no exceptions to these laws (e.g. gravity, thermodynamics)

Question 21

faculty of intuition

Answer 21

[Kant] part of the form of perception, faculty of intuition is framework through which we think and experience the world in terms of space and time

Question 22

forms of conception

Answer 22

[Kant] ways the mind reasons/operations of thinking via the faculties of understanding (quality, quantity, modality, relation)