Exam 4 original studying Flashcards
Ivan Sechenov
the father of Russian objective psychology, he sought to explain behavior in terms of stimuli and physiology only., he disregarded thought as a byproduct of the brain reacting to stimuli
expectancy
Tolman’s term for when a hypothesis has been tentatively confirmed
respondent behavior
behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus; is physiologically reflexive; basis for autoshaping
operant behavior
behavior that is emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a known stimulus; produces consequences in the environment; complex muscular/skeletal behavior
negative reinforcement
results in the avoidance of an aversive stimulus associated with a behavior
reinforcement
increases probability of a future behavior
punishment
decreases probability of a future behavior
cognitive map
according to Tolman, the mental representation of the environment
behavioral therapy
the use of learning principles to treat emotional or behavioral disorders because theory assumes abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as normal behavior
token economy
an arrangement within institutions wherein desirable behavior is strengthened using valuable tokens as reinforcers
operational definition
a definition that relates an abstract concept to the procedures used to measure it (e.g.: happiness is the number of times a person smiles in an hour)
J. B. Watson
founder of behaviorism, established psychology’s goal as the prediction and control of behavior, denied existence of mental events (radical behaviorist) also known for little Albert experiments
ratio schedules of reinforcement
reinforce behavior according to the number of times the behavior occurs
interval schedules of reinforcement
reinforce behavior according to how often behavior occurs
fixed interval
schedule of reinforcement; a response is reinforced when it occurs after a specific period of time (e.g.: treat after every 3 minutes of dancing)
Clark Hull
his theory of learning was complex (hypothetico-deductive) and included the concepts of drive reduction and habit strength
disinhibition according to Pavlov
to Pavlov, this was the process in opposition to inhibition. disinhibition was caused in an organism by a strong stimulus and would then result in the displacement of the inhibitory response (override)
instincts according to McDougall
instincts are composed of perception, behavior, and emotion
conditioned response
a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (e.g.: salivating after bell because bell means food)
discriminate stimulus
a stimulus that has become particularly likely to elicit a specific response (e.g.: start drinking, start wanting a cigarette); in Skinnerian terms, these were stimuli that became associated with certain behaviors
slot machines
gambling devices specifically programmed to pay off according to a variable schedule of reinforcement
inhibition according to Russians
the reduction or cessation of activity caused by stimulation; purpose of cortex is to inhibit reflexes such as peeing. you hold that shit.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay following extinction (e.g.: startle response to a loud noise reappears after time has passed since extinction
successive approximations
how one goes about shaping complex behaviors; reward steps leading to it till goal behavior is reached
chaining
instructional procedure to reinforce individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
negative reinforcement: increases probability of a given behavior by taking an aversive stimulus away
punishment: decreases probability of a behavior occurring either positively (adding something organism will dislike, like a shock) or negatively (taking away something an organism enjoys, like cake)
latent learning
learning that has occurred but has not yet shown up in behavior, likely will if reinforcement begins [Tolman]
punishment by contingent withdrawal
AKA negative punishment; this is when something liked is withdrawn because of behavior as a consequence (e.g.: no dessert because didn’t finish dinner)
positive vs negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement: increases likelihood of a behavior occurring again by adding something pleasant (e.g.: you used your manners so you get a cookie)
negative reinforcement: increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring by taking something aversive away (e.g.: you cleaned your room so I’ll stop nagging)
cognitive fictions
anything going on in the brain according to Skinner; all concepts like thinking, deciding, willing, because all are unobservable
molecular behavior
a small segment of behavior such as a reflex or habit that is isolated for study (small scale)
molar behavior
large scale, also called purposive behavior; behavior that is directed toward some goal and is terminated when the goal is attained (e.g.: parenting)
Piegeons during WWII
pigeon guided missiles were a thing where pigeons were taught to peck at a target from within the nose of a missile and directing bomb to its intended target (Skinner)
S-R vs S-O-R vs S-R-C
S-R: Watson’s radical behaviorism in which environmental stimuli (S) elicit all behavior (S)
S-O-R: Tolman’s methodological behaviorism in which there are intervening variables that act on the organism (O) between environmental events (S) and behavior (R)
S-R-C: Skinnerian neobehaviorism in which there is an antecedent stimulus (S), behavior occurs (R), and then there are consequences to that behavior (C)
Watson’s types of behavior
explicit learned behavior:explicitly observable and learned like talking or riding a bike
implicit learned behavior: not observable but still learned like being nervous at the doctor’s office
explicit unlearned behavior: observable and instinctual/reflexive like blinking or coughing
implicit unlearned behavior: can’t see and unlearned like glandular secretions
Watson’s methods of studying behavior
1) observation
2) conditional reflex method (Pavlov)
3) testing - picking 1 behavior and examining frequency over time
4) verbal reports - overt behavior
William McDougall
foucused on purposive, goal-directed behavior
