Exam 4 original studying

Question 1

Ivan Sechenov

Answer 1

the father of Russian objective psychology, he sought to explain behavior in terms of stimuli and physiology only., he disregarded thought as a byproduct of the brain reacting to stimuli

Question 2

expectancy

Answer 2

Tolman’s term for when a hypothesis has been tentatively confirmed

Question 3

respondent behavior

Answer 3

behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus; is physiologically reflexive; basis for autoshaping

Question 4

operant behavior

Answer 4

behavior that is emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a known stimulus; produces consequences in the environment; complex muscular/skeletal behavior

Question 5

negative reinforcement

Answer 5

results in the avoidance of an aversive stimulus associated with a behavior

Question 6

reinforcement

Answer 6

increases probability of a future behavior

Question 7

punishment

Answer 7

decreases probability of a future behavior

Question 8

cognitive map

Answer 8

according to Tolman, the mental representation of the environment

Question 9

behavioral therapy

Answer 9

the use of learning principles to treat emotional or behavioral disorders because theory assumes abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as normal behavior

Question 10

token economy

Answer 10

an arrangement within institutions wherein desirable behavior is strengthened using valuable tokens as reinforcers

Question 11

operational definition

Answer 11

a definition that relates an abstract concept to the procedures used to measure it (e.g.: happiness is the number of times a person smiles in an hour)

Question 12

J. B. Watson

Answer 12

founder of behaviorism, established psychology’s goal as the prediction and control of behavior, denied existence of mental events (radical behaviorist) also known for little Albert experiments

Question 13

ratio schedules of reinforcement

Answer 13

reinforce behavior according to the number of times the behavior occurs

Question 14

interval schedules of reinforcement

Answer 14

reinforce behavior according to how often behavior occurs

Question 15

fixed interval

Answer 15

schedule of reinforcement; a response is reinforced when it occurs after a specific period of time (e.g.: treat after every 3 minutes of dancing)

Question 16

Clark Hull

Answer 16

his theory of learning was complex (hypothetico-deductive) and included the concepts of drive reduction and habit strength

Question 17

disinhibition according to Pavlov

Answer 17

to Pavlov, this was the process in opposition to inhibition. disinhibition was caused in an organism by a strong stimulus and would then result in the displacement of the inhibitory response (override)

Question 18

instincts according to McDougall

Answer 18

instincts are composed of perception, behavior, and emotion

Question 19

conditioned response

Answer 19

a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (e.g.: salivating after bell because bell means food)

Question 20

discriminate stimulus

Answer 20

a stimulus that has become particularly likely to elicit a specific response (e.g.: start drinking, start wanting a cigarette); in Skinnerian terms, these were stimuli that became associated with certain behaviors

Question 21

slot machines

Answer 21

gambling devices specifically programmed to pay off according to a variable schedule of reinforcement

Question 22

inhibition according to Russians

Answer 22

the reduction or cessation of activity caused by stimulation; purpose of cortex is to inhibit reflexes such as peeing. you hold that shit.

Question 23

spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

the reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay following extinction (e.g.: startle response to a loud noise reappears after time has passed since extinction

Question 24

successive approximations

Answer 24

how one goes about shaping complex behaviors; reward steps leading to it till goal behavior is reached

Question 25

chaining

Answer 25

instructional procedure to reinforce individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior

Question 26

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 26

negative reinforcement: increases probability of a given behavior by taking an aversive stimulus away
punishment: decreases probability of a behavior occurring either positively (adding something organism will dislike, like a shock) or negatively (taking away something an organism enjoys, like cake)

Question 27

latent learning

Answer 27

learning that has occurred but has not yet shown up in behavior, likely will if reinforcement begins [Tolman]

Question 28

punishment by contingent withdrawal

Answer 28

AKA negative punishment; this is when something liked is withdrawn because of behavior as a consequence (e.g.: no dessert because didn’t finish dinner)

Question 29

positive vs negative reinforcement

Answer 29

positive reinforcement: increases likelihood of a behavior occurring again by adding something pleasant (e.g.: you used your manners so you get a cookie)
negative reinforcement: increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring by taking something aversive away (e.g.: you cleaned your room so I’ll stop nagging)

Question 30

cognitive fictions

Answer 30

anything going on in the brain according to Skinner; all concepts like thinking, deciding, willing, because all are unobservable

Question 31

molecular behavior

Answer 31

a small segment of behavior such as a reflex or habit that is isolated for study (small scale)

Question 32

molar behavior

Answer 32

large scale, also called purposive behavior; behavior that is directed toward some goal and is terminated when the goal is attained (e.g.: parenting)

Question 33

Piegeons during WWII

Answer 33

pigeon guided missiles were a thing where pigeons were taught to peck at a target from within the nose of a missile and directing bomb to its intended target (Skinner)

Question 34

S-R vs S-O-R vs S-R-C

Answer 34

S-R: Watson’s radical behaviorism in which environmental stimuli (S) elicit all behavior (S)
S-O-R: Tolman’s methodological behaviorism in which there are intervening variables that act on the organism (O) between environmental events (S) and behavior (R)
S-R-C: Skinnerian neobehaviorism in which there is an antecedent stimulus (S), behavior occurs (R), and then there are consequences to that behavior (C)

Question 35

Watson’s types of behavior

Answer 35

explicit learned behavior:explicitly observable and learned like talking or riding a bike
implicit learned behavior: not observable but still learned like being nervous at the doctor’s office
explicit unlearned behavior: observable and instinctual/reflexive like blinking or coughing
implicit unlearned behavior: can’t see and unlearned like glandular secretions

Question 36

Watson’s methods of studying behavior

Answer 36

1) observation
2) conditional reflex method (Pavlov)
3) testing - picking 1 behavior and examining frequency over time
4) verbal reports - overt behavior

Question 37

William McDougall

Answer 37

foucused on purposive, goal-directed behavior