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OSSF 2 > Exam 4- Male Reproductive Physiology II > Flashcards

Exam 4- Male Reproductive Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

where is sperm stored?

A

tail of the epididymis

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2
Q

what happens to sperm in the epididymis?

A

matures and gains ability to become motile

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3
Q

what enters the epididymal duct?

A

sperm and rete fluid

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4
Q

what produces the rhythmic contractions in the epididymis?

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

how can sperm end up in urine?

A

escapes out of tail of epididymis into ductus deferens to pelvic urethra

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6
Q

where is sperm concentrated?

A

head of epididymis and continues throughout

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7
Q

what do the functions in the epididymis depend on (with sperm)?

A

testosterone

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8
Q

sperm must be both ___________________, yet _____________________

A

prepared to be motile
repressed from being motile

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9
Q

what is necessary for sperm motility?

A

cyclic AMP

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10
Q

what in the epididymis could help prevent motility?

A

lower calcium levels

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11
Q

what is capacitation?

A

changes in sperm
can only truly occur in female system

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12
Q

what happens in capacitation?

A

changes in plasma membrane that will allow fusion of sperm with oocyte and capacitation
change in position cytoplasmic droplet

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13
Q

true/false: both frequent and infrequent ejaculation can affect sperm quality

A

true

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14
Q

from which region of the epididymis are sperm ejaculated?

A

tail

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15
Q

what happens when very frequent ejaculations occur?

A

sperm numbers reduced
immature sperm released

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16
Q

what happens when there are very infrequent ejaculations?

A

quality of sperm generally poor

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17
Q

what are the requirements for erection?

A

elevated arterial inflow
dilations of sinusoids in blood sinuses
restricted venous outflow
elevated intrapenile pressure
relaxation retractor penis muscle

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18
Q

what is innervation doing in a non-erect penis?

A

sympathetic
vasoconstriction
smooth muscle tone within walls of blood sinuses

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19
Q

what is innervation doing in an erect penis?

A

more parasympathetic than sympathetic
nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC)
release nitric oxide
blood vessels/sinuses relax
engorgement

20
Q

what is required for an erection- emission?

A

sensory stimuli
hypothalamus
oxytocin
movement sperm

21
Q

what does oxytocin do during emission and what releases it?

A

posterior pituitary
smooth muscle contraction

22
Q

what do smooth muscle contractions do in emission?

A

in epididymis and ductus deferens
move sperm into ductus deferens and pelvic urethra: positioned for ejaculation

23
Q

what secretions help form the seminal plasma?

A

from accessory sexual glands
from tail of epididymis

24
Q

what is present in seminal plasma?

A

fructose
ovulation induction factor (OIF)
female immune tolerance substances
+/- copulation plug
fluid for volume (important in pig)

25
Q

does parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation control ejaculation?

A

sympathetic

26
Q

what are muscle contractions in ejaculation initiated by?

A

sensory stimulation of glans (intromission)
pudendal nerve transmits

27
Q

what are the target muscles in ejaculation?

A

urethralis
ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus

28
Q

where does phagocytosis of sperm occur?

A

vagina, cervix, uterus
neutrophils enter uterus post-mating

29
Q

can phagocytosis of sperm in the female tract do damage?

A

yes- inflammatory response- to uterine endometrium

30
Q

what happens to “sequestered” sperm?

A

capacitation
released gradually
isthmus of oviduct
viability promoted

31
Q

what is transport of sperm in the female tract under the influence of?

A

estradiol

32
Q

what is capacitation?

A

membrane of sperm changes so that acrosome reaction can take place
motility pattern changes: hyper-activated motility: spiral trajectory

33
Q

what does the acrosome reaction enable the sperm to do?

A

penetrate the zona pellucida
fuse with oocyte membrane

34
Q

can acrosomal damage be reveresed?

A

no

35
Q

what does the plasma membrane of the oocyte fuse with?

A

fusion proteins on equatorial segment of sperm

36
Q

what does alpha-fetoprotein do?

A

prevents most of estradiol from crossing blood-brain barrier in CNS

37
Q

what is testosterone converted into in the male fetal brain?

A

estradiol by aromatase

38
Q

what is desensitization?

A

when a cell is exposed to LH for too long and no longer responds

39
Q

is sperm concentrated in the rete of the testis?

A

no

40
Q

what is restricted venous outflow in an erect penis aided by?

A

smooth muscle contractions
arterial engorgement

41
Q

what nerve stimulates the urethralis, ischiocavernosus, and bulbospongiosus muscles during ejaculation?

A

somatic nerve- pudendal

42
Q

in what species is the phagocytosis of sperm and the ensuing inflammatory response especially important?

A

horses

43
Q

what is the initiation of the acrosome reaction?

A

sperm binding with zona

44
Q

what does the acrosome reaction involve?

A

fusion of plasma membrane of sperm with outer acrosomal membrane of sperm
creates vesicles/pores
enzymes pass through pores

45
Q

where is sperm modified during the acrosome reaction?

A

equatorial segment

46
Q

what is acrosin?

A

an enzyme released from the acrosome reaction
hydrolyzes zona proteins

47
Q

where are pheromones produced?

A

urine
feces
vaginal secretions
saliva
specific scent glands

OSSF 2 (19 decks)

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