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OSSF 2 > Exam 3- Histology and Function of the Pituitary and Pineal Gland > Flashcards

Exam 3- Histology and Function of the Pituitary and Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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2
Q

what are the parts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

pars nervosa
infundibulum (infundibular process and median eminence)

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3
Q

what are the effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates thyrotropes to secrete TSH (stimulates secretion thyroxin)
stimulates lactotropes to secrete prolactin
stimulates melanotropes to secrete POMC, which is processed into ACTH and other things

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4
Q

what does the hypothalamus respond to?

A

impulses from CNS
circulating levels hormones
inflammatory mediators

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5
Q

what are the three histologic cell types in the pars distalis?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

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6
Q

are there basophils in the pars intermedia?

A

yes, but no acidophils

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7
Q

what type of hormones do basophils produce?

A

tropic hormones: regulate other endocrine glands

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8
Q

what type of hormones do acidophils produce?

A

hormones that act directly on target organs

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9
Q

what is canine cushings disease caused by?

A

tumor in pars distalis

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10
Q

what is equine pars intermedia dysfunction caused by?

A

tumor in pars intermedia

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11
Q

does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract end on another neuron?

A

no; end near capillaries

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12
Q

what is neurohypophysis referring to?

A

hormones released from posterior pituitary actually produced in hypothalamus

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13
Q

what are herring bodies?

A

dilated portion of axon, neurosecretory vesicle storage site, hormones bound to neurophysin

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14
Q

what does the pineal gland produce that helps to regulate biorhythms?

A

melatonin

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15
Q

does melatonin play a role in breeding?

A

yes, in seasonal breeders

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16
Q

where is the pineal gland in reptiles?

A

close to surface of brain and receives light signals from parietal organ: third eye
not snakes

17
Q

where does the pineal gland in mammals get light signals from?

A

eyes

18
Q

what is the pathway for light going from mammalian eyes to the pineal gland?

A

retina to suprachiastmatic nucleus to superior cervical ganglia to pineal gland

19
Q

what are corpora arenacea?

A

concentric calcium deposits characteristic of the pineal gland

20
Q

what are hypothalamic hormones to regulate the anterior pituitary?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
somatostatin
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
dopamine

21
Q

where do the primary capillaries in the hypothalamus drain?

A

hypophyseal portal veins

22
Q

does the pars distalis have direct arterial supply?

A

no

23
Q

true/false: the anterior pituitary is controlled only by the hypothalamus

A

false: also circulating levels hormones and paracrine secretions from cells in pituitary

24
Q

what cells release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, POMC)?

A

corticotropes: pars distalis
melanotropes: pars intermedia

25
Q

what cells release melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH from POMC)?

A

melanotropes: pars intermedia

26
Q

what does post-translational modification of POMC within secretory granules result in?

A

ACTH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
beta-endorphin

27
Q

what stimulates secretion of products of POMC?

A

corticotropes
melanotropes

28
Q

are the neurons in the hypothalamohypophyseal tract myelinated?

A

no

29
Q

what can be seen in the pars nervosa?

A

nonmyelinated axons with herring bodies
capillaries (fenestrated)
pituicytes (glial cells)

30
Q

true/false: more melatonin is produced at night

A

true

31
Q

what does melatonin control?

A

sleep cycles and functions associated with circadian rhythm

32
Q

what does melatonin do in fall breeders when days are short?

A

increased melatonin stimulates GnRH (LH and FSH) secretion and reproduction

33
Q

what does melatonin do in spring breeders?

A

when days are short, melatonin inhibits GnRH secretion, suppressing libido

34
Q

what is in the pineal gland histologically?

A

pinealocytes
glial cells (astrocytes)
capillary endothelial cells
sometimes melanocytes
corpora arenacea (“brain sand”): concentric calcium deposits

35
Q

where in the hypothalamus is responsible for production of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?

A

paraventricular nucleus
supraoptic nucleus

36
Q

true/false: melatonin promotes sleep in nocturnal animals

A

false: promotes activity

37
Q

true/false: all reptiles have a pineal body

A

false: not snakes

OSSF 2 (19 decks)

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