Exam 4 - Lecture 23 Flashcards
what is cryptococcosis?
an airborne, fungal disease caused by a yeast (Cryptococcus neoformans) in pigeon droppings
what are the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world?
- hepatitis-B
- malaria
- hep-C
- dengue
- tuberculosis
what arthropod borne disease is caused by Plasmodium protozoans?
malaria
what is the most dangerous species of Plasmodium?
P. falciparum
what are five Plasmodium species that commonly cause human infection?
- P. falciparum
- P. vivax
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- P. knowlesi
how many reproductive stages does malaria have?
three
true or false: malaria has haploid AND diploid stages.
true
part 1 of the plasmodium life cycle take place in the:
human liver
what are sporozoites?
infected forms of plasmodium injected into humans by mosquitoes
__________ sporozoites migrate to the liver and enter the hepatic cells.
haploid
asexual reproduction of a sporozoite produces a:
schizont
schizonts rupture and release haploid ___________ in the bloodstream
merozoites
how does a trophozoite form?
when a merozoite enters a red blood cell and forms a ring structure (the trophozoite) that matures into a merozoite and keeps cycling this way
some _____________ mature into gametocytes
trophozoites
gametocytes differentiate into ________________ (male) and _________________ (female)
- microgametocytes
- macrogametocytes
when mosquitoes ingest gametocytes from human blood meals, what is formed?
the micro- and macrogametocytes fuse to form a diploid zygote called an ookinete
when an ookinete migrates through the mosquito gut wall, it forms an:
oocyst
when an oocyst undergoes meiosis, it forms:
haploid sporozoites
what are the three locations that malaria progression takes place?
- human liver
- human erythrocyte (RBC)
- mosquito (gut)
the malaria vaccine contains sections from the _________________ fused to the _______________ antigen.
- circumsporozoite protein
- hepatitis B antigen
fungal infections are aka:
mycoses
what are the three types of mycoses?
- superficial mycoses
- cutaneous mycoses
- subcutaneous mycoses
superficial mycoses can be found where?
the outermost layers of skin and hair
cutaneous mycoses are found where?
- extending deeper into the epidermis, hair, and nails
where are subcutaneous mycoses found?
dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia
the most common fungal diseases occurring worldwide are:
cutaneous mycoses
cutaneous mycoses are also called ___________ and a common example is __________ ______.
- ringworm
- athlete’s foot
diagnosis of cutaneous mycoses takes place on:
Sabouraud’s agar
subcutaneous mycoses are caused by:
saprophytic inhabitants in soil
what are three antifungal agents?
- azoles: inhibit ergosterol
- polyenes: bind/interact with ergosterol
- echinocandins: inhibit cell wall synthesis (beta-glucans)
what is ergosterol?
the main fungal sterol, equivalent to cholesterol in humans
amebic dysentery is caused by:
Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan)
the protist Toxoplasma gondii causes what disease? what animals often carry it?
- toxoplasmosis
- reservoir wild rodents, birds, small mammals, cats (kittens)
true of false: most toxoplasmosis infections are asymptomatic.
true
