Exam 1 - Lecture 6

Question 1

true or false: protists are monophyletic.

Answer 1

false; they’re polyphyletic

Question 2

are most protists uni- or multicellular?

Answer 2

unicellular

Question 3

true or false: protists can be eukarya, bacteria, or archaea.

Answer 3

false, all protists are eukarya

Question 4

what are the six eukaryotic supergroups?

Answer 4

• Excavata
• Chromalveolata
• Rhizaria
• Archaeplastida
• Amoebozoa
• Opisthokonta

Question 5

what kind of environment do protists normally live in?

Answer 5

moist environments

Question 6

what are saprophytes?

Answer 6

organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter through enzymatic degradation

Question 7

what are four ways that protists can acquire nutrients?

Answer 7

• holozoic nutrition (phagocytosis)
• photosynthesis
• saprophyte nutrition
• mixotrophic (organic and inorganic sources)

Question 8

what is the name of the plasma membrane in protists?

Answer 8

the plasmalemma

Question 9

what are the two parts of the subdivided cytoplasm that you might find in a protist?

Answer 9

ectoplasm (outer gelatinous layer) and endoplasm (inner fluid region)

Question 10

what are the two main groups in Excavata?

Answer 10

discoba and metamonada

Question 11

what pathogenic protist causes diarrhea? what supergroup is it a part of specifically?

Answer 11

• Giardia intestinalis
• Excavata (Metamonada)

Question 12

what protist causes Trichomoniasis (STI)? what supergroup is it part of?

Answer 12

• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Excavata (Metamonada)

Question 13

what protist causes Leishmaniasis? what supergroup is it part of?

Answer 13

• Leishmania
• Excavata (Discoba)

Question 14

what protist causes Chagas’ disease? what supergroup is it part of?

Answer 14

• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Excavata (Discoba)

Question 15

which protists cause African sleeping sickness? what supergroup are they part of?

Answer 15

• Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense
• Excavata (Discoba)

Question 16

what protist causes amebic dysentery? what supergroup is it part of?

Answer 16

• Entamoeba histolytica
• Amoebazoa

Question 17

what supergroup is Dictyostelium discoideum part of?

Answer 17

Amoebozoa

Question 18

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 18

the process of distantly related organisms independently evolving similar traits to adapt to similar pressures

Question 19

what are the three subgroups of Chromoalveolata?

Answer 19

• Alveolata
• Stremenopiles
• Haptophyta

Question 20

what distinguishes apicomplexans?

Answer 20

their unipolar, apical complex

Question 21

apicomplexans are almost always _________

Answer 21

parasitic

Question 22

malaria is caused by what apicomplexan?

Answer 22

Plasmodium

Question 23

what four groups are a part of the supergroup Archaeplastida?

Answer 23

• land plants
• red algae
• green algae
• glaucophyte algae

Question 24

true or false: fungi are monophyletic.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

true or false: fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what are mycoses?

Answer 26

diseases caused by fungi

Question 27

what are the six major fungal groups?

Answer 27

- Chytridiomycota - Zygomycota - Glomeromycota - Ascomycota - Basidiomycota - Microsporidia

Question 28

which of the six major fungal groups are paraphyletic?

Answer 28

Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota

Question 29

what do mycorrhizae form symbiotic relationships with?

Answer 29

plant roots

Question 30

what do lichens form symbiotic relationships with?

Answer 30

algae or cyanobacteria

Question 31

what are three things decomposers do?

Answer 31

- degrade complex material - produce simple organic compounds and inorganic molecules - C, N, P, and other critical constituents are recycled for other living organisms

Question 32

what are five way fungi help industrially?

Answer 32

- fermentation - antibiotics - immunosuppressive agents - organic acids - certain drugs

Question 33

what organism is used in research as a model eukaryotic system?

Answer 33

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

Question 34

multicellular fungi are called:

Answer 34

molds

Question 35

single-celled, microscopic fungi are called:

Answer 35

yeasts

Question 36

what are the three components of the fungal cell wall?

Answer 36

- chitin - beta-glucans - proteins (glycoproteins)

Question 37

the largest organism on earth is a:

Answer 37

fungus!

Question 38

what is the thallus in multicellular fungi? what does it consist of?

Answer 38

- the body/vegetative structure - it consists of long, branched hyphae

Question 39

true or false: hyphae can have septate, or not have septate.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

in septate hyphae, there are ______ to allow cytoplasmic streaming between cells.

Answer 40

pores