Exam 1 - Lecture 6 Flashcards
true or false: protists are monophyletic.
false; they’re polyphyletic
are most protists uni- or multicellular?
unicellular
true or false: protists can be eukarya, bacteria, or archaea.
false, all protists are eukarya
what are the six eukaryotic supergroups?
- Excavata
- Chromalveolata
- Rhizaria
- Archaeplastida
- Amoebozoa
- Opisthokonta
what kind of environment do protists normally live in?
moist environments
what are saprophytes?
organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter through enzymatic degradation
what are four ways that protists can acquire nutrients?
- holozoic nutrition (phagocytosis)
- photosynthesis
- saprophyte nutrition
- mixotrophic (organic and inorganic sources)
what is the name of the plasma membrane in protists?
the plasmalemma
what are the two parts of the subdivided cytoplasm that you might find in a protist?
ectoplasm (outer gelatinous layer) and endoplasm (inner fluid region)
what are the two main groups in Excavata?
discoba and metamonada
what pathogenic protist causes diarrhea? what supergroup is it a part of specifically?
- Giardia intestinalis
- Excavata (Metamonada)
what protist causes Trichomoniasis (STI)? what supergroup is it part of?
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Excavata (Metamonada)
what protist causes Leishmaniasis? what supergroup is it part of?
- Leishmania
- Excavata (Discoba)
what protist causes Chagas’ disease? what supergroup is it part of?
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Excavata (Discoba)
which protists cause African sleeping sickness? what supergroup are they part of?
- Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense
- Excavata (Discoba)
what protist causes amebic dysentery? what supergroup is it part of?
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Amoebazoa
what supergroup is Dictyostelium discoideum part of?
Amoebozoa
what is convergent evolution?
the process of distantly related organisms independently evolving similar traits to adapt to similar pressures
what are the three subgroups of Chromoalveolata?
- Alveolata
- Stremenopiles
- Haptophyta
what distinguishes apicomplexans?
their unipolar, apical complex
apicomplexans are almost always _________
parasitic
malaria is caused by what apicomplexan?
Plasmodium
what four groups are a part of the supergroup Archaeplastida?
- land plants
- red algae
- green algae
- glaucophyte algae
true or false: fungi are monophyletic.
true
true or false: fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually.
true
what are mycoses?
diseases caused by fungi
what are the six major fungal groups?
- Chytridiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Glomeromycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Microsporidia
which of the six major fungal groups are paraphyletic?
Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota
what do mycorrhizae form symbiotic relationships with?
plant roots
what do lichens form symbiotic relationships with?
algae or cyanobacteria
what are three things decomposers do?
- degrade complex material
- produce simple organic compounds and inorganic molecules
- C, N, P, and other critical constituents are recycled for other living organisms
what are five way fungi help industrially?
- fermentation
- antibiotics
- immunosuppressive agents
- organic acids
- certain drugs
what organism is used in research as a model eukaryotic system?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
multicellular fungi are called:
molds
single-celled, microscopic fungi are called:
yeasts
what are the three components of the fungal cell wall?
- chitin
- beta-glucans
- proteins (glycoproteins)
the largest organism on earth is a:
fungus!
what is the thallus in multicellular fungi? what does it consist of?
- the body/vegetative structure
- it consists of long, branched hyphae
true or false: hyphae can have septate, or not have septate.
true
in septate hyphae, there are ______ to allow cytoplasmic streaming between cells.
pores
