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Microbio 3220 > Exam 4 - Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: “this whole lecture is an SOS”

A

… :D

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2
Q

a single _______ causes a particular disease.

A

microbe

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3
Q

true or false: a disease can be caused by many different microbes.

A

true; examples are conjunctivitis and meningitis

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4
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

an association of two or more different species of organisms (good or bad).

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5
Q

in symbiosis, at least one member or the pair benefits from the relationship. the other may be:

A
  • injured
  • relatively unharmed
  • may also benefit
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6
Q

in symbiosis, the microbe is the _________ and the larger organism is the ______.

A
  • symbiont
  • host
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7
Q

what is an ectosymbiont?

A

an organism located on the surface of another organism (like bacteria on skin)

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8
Q

what is an endosymbiont?

A

organism located within another organism (like bacteria in our gut)

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9
Q

what is a consortium?

A

a host with more than one associated symbiont (like us)

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10
Q

what are the seven types of microbial interactions?

A
  • mutualism
  • cooperation
  • commensalism
  • predation
  • parasitism
  • ammensalism
  • competition
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11
Q

symbiotic relationships can be what three things? (time wise)

A
  • intermittent
  • cyclic
  • permanent
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12
Q

what is mutualism?

A
  • both partners benefit
  • some degree of obligation involved
  • partners cannot live separately; codependency
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13
Q

what kind of interaction do aphids and Buchnera aphidicola have? who is the symbiont?

A
  • (endo)symbiont: B. aphidicola
  • mutualistic interaction
  • aphids consume sap deficient in essential amino acids and vitamins
  • insect provides vitamins and amino acids (Arg) and gets secure habitat and nutrients in return
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14
Q

the inability of the aphid/B. aphidicola to grow without the other is an example of:

A

coevolution

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15
Q

what is the relationship between termites and a protozoan? who is the symbiont?

A
  • mutualistic interaction
  • symbiont: the protozoan with no name
  • termites eat wood that contain cellulose and are unable to break up the long chains of glucose
  • protozoans digests the cellulose and provides nutrients for the protozoan in return for food from the termite
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16
Q

what mutualistic relationships does the protozoan from the termite-protozoan relationship have?

A
  • N2 fixing bacteria to make NH3
  • bacteria TG1 makes glutamine (Gln) from NH3
  • spirochetes provide motility for protozoan
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17
Q

what are ruminants?

A

animals that have stomachs divided into four compartments and are able to acquire nutrients from plants by fermenting them in a specialized compartment (rumen) prior to digestion

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18
Q

what is the rumen?

A
  • upper part of the ruminant stomach
  • contains large, diverse population of microbes
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19
Q

rumen ecosystem order of events:

A
  • plant material (grass) is coated w saliva and swallowed
  • in the rumen, grass is coated with microbes and broken down into pulpy, partially digested mass
  • regurgitated, chewed, re-swallowed
  • liquified grass passes into omasum/abomasum
  • further digested
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20
Q

the microbial community within the ruminant have their own ____________ relationships.

A
  • mutualistic
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21
Q

what is cooperation?

A

a relationship that benefits both organisms but is not obligatory for the survival of either organism

22
Q

cooperation typically involves ___________ relationships.

A

syntrophic

23
Q

what are syntrophic relationships?

A

when one species lives off the byproducts of another species
- often involves carbon and nitrogen/sulfur cycles

24
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected

25
Q

the organism that benefits from commensalism is called the:

A

commensal

26
Q

true or false: commensalism relationships are often syntrophic.

A

true

27
Q

true or false: commensals can live once separated from the host.

A

true

28
Q

what is an example of commensalism in nitrification?

A
  • two different bacteria carry out nitrification together
  • NH3 to NO2 by Nitrosomonas
  • NO2 to NO3 by Nitrobacter
29
Q

the microbial succession during the spoilage of milk and biofilm formation are examples of what type of relationship?

A
  • commensalism that occurs when the environment is made more favorable by one species for another
30
Q

what is predation?

A
  • one organism gains (predator) and the other is harmed (prey)
  • this “harm” is usually killing
31
Q

true or false: predators can only attack from outside the cell.

A

false; they can attack from the outside or inside of the prey cell

32
Q

what are four examples of bacteria that use predation?

A
  • Bdellovibrio: penetrates cell wall, grows outside plasma membrane in periplasm
  • Vampirococcus: epibiotic mode of attacking prey (lives on the surface)
  • Daptobacter: pepntrates prey then directly consumes the cytoplasmic contents totally intracellularly
  • Myxococcus (wolf pack): uses gliding motion to creep, overtake prey, and release degradative enzymes
33
Q

what is parasitism?

A
  • one organism gains and the other is harmed
  • the host is typically not killed (at least until the parasite can reproduce)
34
Q

there is always some degree of ______________ between a host and a successful parasite.

A

co-existence

35
Q

what is the hallmark(s) of parasitic relationships?

A
  • not beneficial for the host
  • host grows better without the parasite
36
Q

what is ammensalism?

A

an association between two organisms where one is harmed/inhibited and the other in unaffected

37
Q

what specific type of ammensalism is based on the release of a specific compound?

A

antibiosis

38
Q

what is an example of an ammensalism relationship?

A

antibiotic production by fungi and bacteria

39
Q

what bacteria do South American Attine acts use to control fungal parasites? what kind of relationship is this for the bacteria and the fungi?

A
  • antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria
  • ammensalism
40
Q

what is competition?

A

occurs when two organisms try to acquire the same resource

41
Q

what are the two possible outcomes of competition?

A
  • one organism dominates
  • sharing of the resource (both survive at lower pop levels)
42
Q

what is a microbiome/microbiota?

A

all of the microbes living in and on the human body

43
Q

the ratio of bacteria to human cells has been changed from _____ to _____.

A

from 10:1 to 1:1

44
Q

how many microbial genes are there? how about human genes?

A
  • over 1,000,000 microbial
  • 23,000 human
45
Q

all of the genes of the host and the microbiota are called the:

A

metagenome

46
Q

what are superorganisms?

A
  • gene-encoded metabolic processes of the host become integrated with those of the symbiont
  • a blend of host and microbial traits where host and microbial cells co-metabolize various substances, resulting in unique products
47
Q

normal microbiota varies depending on:

A
  • age
  • sex
  • diet
  • anatomical site
48
Q

when does the relationship between microbiota and the host occur?

A

at birth

49
Q

true or false: antibiotic treatment can disrupt the microbiome balance.

A

true, but it can return to “normal” after the antibiotics are removed

50
Q

is the normal microbiota interaction with the human commensalism, mutualism ,or cooperation?

A

mutualism

51
Q

normal microbiota often prevent _____________ by pathogens.

A

colonization

52
Q

what is pathogenicity?

A

ability to produce pathological change of disease

Microbio 3220 (24 decks)

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