Exam 1 - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is one thing that archaea don’t do that bacteria do?

A

cause disease!

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2
Q

do archaea have 70S or 80S ribosomes?

A

70S

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3
Q

what are the components of the archaeal cell envelope?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • additional external layers
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4
Q

what is a major difference between archaeal and bacterial cell walls?

A

archaea do not have peptidoglycan

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5
Q

what is the five carbon building block for archaeal membrane lipids?

A

isoprene

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6
Q

match the following:

a.) archaeal lipids
b.) bacterial lipids
c.) eukaryotic lipids

1.) ether linkages to glycerol
2.) ester linkages to glycerol
3.) no linkages to glycerol

A

a1.) archaea have ether linkages
b2.) bacteria have ester linkages
c2.) eukarya have ester linkages

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7
Q

what do pentacyclic rings do in the archaeal membrane?

A

they increase rigidity by shrinking the membrane

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8
Q

what’s the differences between a monolayer and a bilayer?

A

monolayer: one amphipathic molecule with two hydrophobic ends, lined up next to one another

bilayer: two layers of amphipathic molecules exhibiting the hydrophobic effect

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9
Q

true or false: archaeal cell walls are more diverse than bacteria.

A

true, they come in so many flavors

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10
Q

all organisms have a __________________ surrounding their cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

what is the most common type of archaeal cell wall?

A

S layer outside of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

what does the S layer consist of?

A

proteins or glycoproteins

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13
Q

what is pseudomurein?

A

a peptidoglycan-like polymer found in some archaeal cell walls

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14
Q

what are the two monomers of pseudomurein?

A

NAT and NAG sugars

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15
Q

what are the three differences between pseudomurein and peptidoglycan?

A
  • NAT, not NAM sugar
  • 1-3 linkage instead of 1-4
  • L- amino acids, no D-
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16
Q

what type of archaeal cell wall normally stains like Gram-positive?

A

thick polysaccharide layer with plasma membrane

17
Q

are archaeal ribosomal proteins more similar to bacteria or eukarya?

A

eukarya

18
Q

what is the nucleoid? where is it found? is it usually membrane bound?

A
  • an irregularly shaped region that is usually one circular dsDNA chromosome
  • found in archaea and bacteria (some archaea have histones)
  • it’s usually not membrane bound
19
Q

what are three external structures that can be found in archaea?

A

pili
cannulae
hami (grappling hook like)

20
Q

assign the following to archaea or bacteria:

thinner flagella
hollow flagella
growth of flagella occurs at base

A

thinner flagella: archaea
hollow flagella: bacteria
growth of flagella occurs at base: archaea

21
Q

what two structures contribute to the strength of the plasma membrane bilayer in eukaryotes?

A

sphingolipids and cholesterols

22
Q

what type of linkages do eukaryotic fatty acids have to glycerol?

A

ester linkages

23
Q

true or false: eukaryotes lack a cell wall

A

true

24
Q

what is the cytoskeleton and what is it’s role in eukarya?

A
  • vast network of interconnected filaments within the cytoplasmic matrix
  • plays a role in cell shape and cell movement
25
Q

what are the three filaments that form the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes?

A
  • microfilaments (actin filaments)
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
26
Q

how big are actin filaments in diameter?

what are the roles of actin?

A
  • 4 to 7 nm
  • roles in cell motion and shape changes
27
Q

how big are intermediate filaments in diameter?

A

~10 nm

28
Q

how big are microtubules in diameter?

what is its role?

A
  • ~25 nm
  • helps maintain cell shape
29
Q

what is the role of lysosomes?

A

intracellular digestion

30
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

when solutes or particles are taken up and enclosed in vesicles pinched from the plasma membrane

31
Q

what is the role of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

32
Q

how big is the eukaryotic ribosome? what are the two subunits?

A
  • 80S
  • 60S (large)+ 40S (small)
33
Q

what are the rRNA molecules present in the 60S subunit? how many proteins are present?

A
  • 28S, 5S, 5.8S
  • 50 proteins
34
Q

what are the rRNA molecules present in the 40S subunit? how many proteins are present?

A
  • 18S
  • 30 proteins
35
Q

match the following:

a.) ER ribosomes
b.) free ribosomes

1.) cytoplasmic proteins
2.) secreted and membrane proteins

A

a2.) ER: secreted and membrane proteins
b1.) free: cytoplasmic proteins

36
Q

what are two prominent external structures found in eukaryotic cells? what role are they both associated with?

A
  • cilia and flagella
  • motility
37
Q

how long are flagella? what about cilia?

A
  • flagella: 100-200um long
  • cilia: 5-20um long
38
Q

what kind of wave movement pushes flagella forward? which pulls the cell?

A

push: wave from base to tip
pull: wave from tip to base

39
Q

what are the two phases of cilia movement?

A

the effective beat and the recovery beat (like rowing a boat)