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Microbio 3220 > Exam 2 - Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

energy from light is trapped and is converted to chemical energy

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2
Q

over half of the photosynthesis on earth is carried out by:

A

microbes

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3
Q

what are the two parts of pohotsynthesis?

A
  • light reactions: light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy
  • dark reactions: energy from light rxns is used to reduce CO2 and synthesize cell constituents
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4
Q

match the following:

a. light rxns
b. dark rxns

  1. catabolism
  2. anabolism
A

a1. light rxns = catabolism
b2. dark rxns = anabolism

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5
Q

oxygen is generated and released in ___________ photosynthesis, but not ____________ photosynthesis

A

oxygenic, anoxygenic

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6
Q

what are the major light absorbing pigments in plants called?

A

chlorophylls

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7
Q

what do accessory pigments do?

A

they transfer light energy to chlorophylls by absorbing different wavelengths of light than the chlorophylls (example: carotenoids)

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8
Q

what are antennas? what do they do?

A
  • highly organized arrays of chlorophylls and accessory pigments
  • capture light transferred to a special reaction-center chlorophyll
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9
Q

what is a photosystem?

A

an antenna and its associated reaction-center chlorophyll

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10
Q

which photosystem is cyclic and which is non-cyclic?

A
  • photosystem I: can be cyclic or non-cyclic
  • photosystem II: non-cyclic
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11
Q

when photosystem I is cyclic, does it generate reducing power? how about non-cyclic?

A
  • cyclic: ATP is made by cyclic phosphorylation, NO reducing power is produced
  • non-cyclic: reducing power is produced (NADPH) and it works with PS II
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12
Q

when PS I and II work together, what do they make?

A

ATP and NADPH

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13
Q

when PS I and II work together, how is ATP made?

A

noncyclic phosphorylation

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14
Q

most anoxygenic phototrophs are strict ___________

A

anaerobes

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15
Q

what five bacterial phyla do anoxygenic phosphorylation?

A
  • proteobacteria
  • chlorobi
  • chloroflexi
  • firmicutes
  • acidobacteria
  • (doubt we actually have to know this)
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16
Q

what pigment do anoxygenic phototrophs use?

A

bacteriochlorophyll

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17
Q

how many photosystems do anoxygenic phototrophs have?

A

just one

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18
Q

how much reducing power do anoxygenic phototrophs produce?

A

they don’t produce any

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19
Q

is the ETC for anoxygenic phototrophs cyclic or non-cyclic?

A

cyclic

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20
Q

how can NADH be generated in anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

electrons from PMF in cyclic ETC can be drawn off and “pushed” to NAD+

21
Q

what molecule do chlorophyll-independent phototrophs use? what is it’s function?

A
  • bacteriorhodopsin
  • functions as a light-driven proton pump (without use of an ETC)
22
Q

what are the principles governing biosynthesis?

A
  • macromolecules are synthesized from a small number of small molecules
  • many enzymes do double duty (amphibolic)
  • some enzymes function only in one direction
  • anabolism requires energy
  • anabolic and catabolic rxns are physically separated
  • catabolic and anabolic pathways use different cofactors
23
Q

what are precursor metabolites? how many are there?

A
  • carbon skeletons that serve as the major link between catabolism and anabolism; they serve as the building blocks in anabolism
  • 12
24
Q

what pathways generate precursor metabolites?

A
  • glycolysis
  • PPP
  • TCA cycle
25
Q

what important biomolecules are generated from the precursor metabolites?

A
  • amino acids
  • lipids
  • DNA (purines and pyrimidines)
26
Q

what is the purpose of the Calvin cycle? who uses it?

A

it’s used by autotrophs to fix CO2 (its also called the reductive pentose phosphate cycle)

27
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place in eukaryotes?

A

the stroma of chloroplasts

28
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place in cyanobacteria, some nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli?

A

carboxysomes

29
Q

what are carboxysomes?

A

inclusion bodies that are sites for CO2 fixation (specifically)

30
Q

what are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • carboxylation phase
  • reduction phase
  • regeneration phase
31
Q

how many ATP and NADPHs are used in the incorporation of one CO2 molecule?

A

3 ATPs and 2 NADPHs

32
Q

the carboxylation phase is catalyzed by the enzyme:

A

RuBisCO (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase aka ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)

33
Q

what reaction does RuBisCO catalyze?

A

the addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to form two molecules of PGA (3-phosphoglycerate)

34
Q

what takes place in the reduction phase?

A
  • 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  • this is basically inverse rxns of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway
35
Q

what takes place in the regeneration phase?

A

RuBP is regenerate using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

36
Q

how many times must the Calvin cycle take place to generate one 6-carbon molecule?

A

six times

37
Q

in the Calvin cycle, what does this become?

6CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + 12H2O +12H+

A

glucose + 18 ADP + 12Pi + 12NADP+

38
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesis of glucose and related sugars from non-carbohydrate precursors

39
Q

how many enzymes are shared between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis? how many are unique to gluconeogenesis?

A
  • 7 enzymes shared
  • 5 enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis
40
Q

what two sugars are synthesized from gluconeogenesis?

A
  • glucose and fructose
  • other common sugars can then be synthesized from these two
41
Q

several sugars are synthesized while attached to a ___________ ___________ (NDP) such as ____________ ____________ (UDP)

A
  • nucleoside diphosphate
  • uridine diphosphate
42
Q

what is UDPG?

A

uridine diphosphate glucose

43
Q

NDPs are important in the synthesis of _______________ like starch and glycogen

A

polysaccharides

44
Q

what are the two carrier molecules utilized in peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

UDP derivatives and bactroprenol

45
Q

what is the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

biosynthesis of UDP-NAG, which is then derived into UDP-NAM

46
Q

how are amino acids added to the newly derived UDP-NAM?

A

non-ribosomal peptide synthesis; the amino acids are added sequentially and then the pentapeptide bridge is added to make UDP-NAM-pentapeptide

47
Q

what is bactroprenol?

A

a 55 carbon lipid used to transport NAG-NAM-pentapeptide units across the cell membrane

48
Q

where does bactroprenol attach?

A

NAM

Microbio 3220 (24 decks)

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