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Microbio 3220 > Exam 4 - Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

in order to cause disease, a pathogen must do what two things?

A
  • get inside the host (overcome host surface barriers)
  • survive inside the host (overcome resistance by the host)
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2
Q

what is immunity?

A

ability of a host to resist a particular disease or infection

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3
Q

true or false: the adaptive immune system is non-specific.

A

false; the adaptive immune system is specific, the innate is non-specific.

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4
Q

describe the following for the innate immune system:

  • speed
  • specificity
  • memory
A
  • speed: fast response, components always present
  • specificity: not very, effective towards a wide variety of infectious agents
  • memory: none
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5
Q

describe the following for the adaptive immune system:

  • speed
  • specificity
  • memory
A
  • speed: slow response, components must be made
  • specificity: very, active against a narrow range of infectious agents
  • memory: retains memory of invading pathogen, response is enhanced uponrepreated contact with the pathogen
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6
Q

match the following:

  1. innate immunity
  2. adaptive immunity

a. first line of defense
b. second line of defense
c. third line of defense

A

1a
1b
2c

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7
Q

what make up the first line of defense in the immune system?

A
  • barriers
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
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8
Q

what make up the second line of defense in the immune system?

A
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • complement
  • cytokines
  • inflammation
  • phagocytes
  • NK cells
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9
Q

what make up the third line of defense in the immune system?

A
  • antibodies
  • lymphocytes
  • B cells
  • T cells
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10
Q

mucous membranes are made up of a variety of antimicrobial substances like:

A
  • lysozymes
  • RNAse enzymes
  • lactoferrin
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11
Q

what do lysozymes do?

A

hydrolyze the bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan

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12
Q

what do RNAse enzymes do?

A

degrade RNA

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13
Q

what does lactoferrin do? why?

A

sequesters iron so that the bacteria potentially living in the mucous membrane do not have the nutrients it wants to grow

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14
Q

what are the components of the innate immune system?

A
  • chemical/humoral (antimicrobial peptides, complement, cytokines)
  • cellular (phagocytes, natural killer cells)
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15
Q

what are AMPs?

A

small antimicrobial peptides that usually function by inserting into the membrane and are abundant in external mucosa like the mouth

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16
Q

what is the complement system?

A

complex system composed of over 30 proteins that either directly kill or opsonize bacteria

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17
Q

what are MACs?

A

membrane attack complexes

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18
Q

how does the complement system kill bacteria?

A

MACs made of 5 different complement proteins come together to kill

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19
Q

what are the 5 complement proteins in an MAC?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

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20
Q

what is opsonization?

A

a process in which the surface of a microbe is coated with a substance called an opsonin

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21
Q

opsonized microbes are much _______________________ and __________ by phagocytic cells.

A

more easily recognized and destroyed

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22
Q

what are the two types of opsonins?

A
  • complement protein C3b
  • antibodies
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23
Q

what are cytokines?

A
  • soluble proteins or glycoproteins
  • signaling molecules released by one cell population that act as intracellular mediators
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24
Q

what are the classes of cytokines?

A
  • interleukins (IL)
  • interferons (IF)
  • tumor necrosis factors (TNF)
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF)
25
Q

what is a primary function of cytokines? what is the purpose?

A

inflammation to recruit components of the immune system

26
Q

what are the two mechanisms for microbial recognition by a phagocyte?

A
  • opsonin-dependent (opsonic) recognition
  • opsonin-independent (nonopsonic) recognition
27
Q

true or false: phagocytosis is greatly decreased by opsonization.

A

false; it is greatly increased

28
Q

what is the mechanism for opsonin-independent pathogen recognition?

A

PAMPs unique to the pathogen (not the host) are detected

29
Q

what are PAMPs?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

30
Q

PAMPs are recognized by _______ on phagocytic cells.

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

31
Q

one class of PRRs important in fighting infection are:

A

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

32
Q

when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, they become a:

A

phagolysosome

33
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

activity that results in the killing and breakdown (digestion) of a microbe

34
Q

the cells of the immune system are called:

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

35
Q

what are the phagocytic cells of the immune system?

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • neutrophils
36
Q

NK cells release cytotoxic enzymes called:

A

granzymes

37
Q

what are NK cells?

A
  • natural killer cells
  • small population of lymphocytes
  • kills cells infected with pathogen
  • plays important role in innate community
38
Q

normal cells express a membrane protein called _____________. if a cell has lost this protein, an NK cell will do what?

A
  • class major histocompatibility complex (MHC class I)
  • infected cells lose this protein and NK cells release granzymes and kill them when they find them
39
Q

what is the ADCC method of infected cell killing by NK cells?

A
  • antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • antibodies bind to antigens on infected host cells, NK cells bind the antibodies and kill the infected cells
40
Q

what are antigens?

A

substances that elicit an immune response

41
Q

what are epitopes?

A

antigenic determinant sites that react with the specific antibody or T cell receptor

42
Q

this will probably be on the exam: what cells are antibodies created by?

A

B lymphocytes

43
Q

true or false: antibodies are specific.

A

why yes they are

44
Q

what is another name for an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

45
Q

true or false: antibodies are large glycoproteins.

A

true

46
Q

how many polypeptide chains are present in immunoglobulin structure? what are they?

A
  • four polypeptides chains
  • 2 identical heavy chains
  • 2 identical light chains
47
Q

how are the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin connected?

A

disulfide bonds

48
Q

light and heavy chains consist of what two regions?

A

constant and variable regions

49
Q

the four chains of an antibody are organized in a ____ shape

A

Y

50
Q

the stem of an antibody is the _________ fragment (___) and the tips of the Y are the _________ regions (________ __________ ___________ ____)

A
  • constant fragment, Fc
  • variable, antigen binding sites, Fab
51
Q

Fc facilitates binding to:

A
  • cells of the immune system (trigger phagocytosis; opsonization)
  • complement system (activates it)
52
Q

the primary antibody response is:

A

slow

53
Q

the concentration of antibody is serum is called:

A

antibody titer

54
Q

what are the consequences of antibody-antigen binding?

A
  • opsonization
  • agglutination
  • complement
  • neutralization
  • precipitation
55
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A
  • major cells of the immune system
56
Q

what are B lymphocyte characteristics?

A
  • mature in bone marrow
  • circulates in the blood
  • primary role: produce antibodies
  • T cells help in the process
57
Q

what are T lymphocyte characteristics?

A
  • mature in the thymus
  • can remain in the thymus, circulate in the blood, reside in the lymphoid tissue
  • activated T cells can differentiate into T helper cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes
58
Q

what do T helper cells (TH) do?

A

assist in antibody production

59
Q

what do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) do?

A

ability to kill infected cells

Microbio 3220 (24 decks)

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