Exam 1 - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

match the following:

a.) cellular
b.) acellular

1.) nonliving
2.) living, have metabolic functions

A

a2.) cellular are living and have metabolic functions

b1.) acellular are nonliving

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2
Q

what are the four types of acellular organisms?

A

viruses
viroids
satellites
prions

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3
Q

what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotes do not have a membrane delimited nucleus, eukaryotes always do

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4
Q

what are the three domains of life (what are LUCA’s first few descendants)?

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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5
Q

what is the three domain system based off of?

A

it’s based on a comparison of rRNA genes

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6
Q

what do cyanobacteria produce?

A

large amounts of oxygen

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7
Q

what two categories can eukarya be split into?

A

protists and fungi

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8
Q

what microbes need a host cell to replicate?

A

viruses

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9
Q

how old is the oldest fossil on earth, and what was it?

A

a 3.5 byr old microbe fossil named Swartkoppie chert

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10
Q

what was the earliest molecule on earth?

A
  • RNA
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11
Q

the earliest cells might have been RNA surrounded by ___________

A

liposomes

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12
Q

what ribonucleotide is a currency for energy?

A

adenosine 5’ triphosphate

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13
Q

what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis? what two organelles are hypothesized to have come from this theory?

A
  • bacteria were engulfed by larger cells and the bacteria became the organelles
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts
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14
Q

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

DNA/RNA

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15
Q

how long is 16S rRNA?

what are its roles?

A
  • 1500 bp long
  • has a structural role as scaffolding for ribosomal proteins
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16
Q

if there are many variable regions between two species’ 16S rRNA, what does this mean?

A

they are distantly related species

17
Q

who’s LUCA?

A

the Last Universal Common Ancestor

18
Q

which two of the following share a common ancestor?

bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes

A

archaea and eukaryotes. they evolved independently of bacteria

19
Q

bacteria and archaea increase their gene pool through ____________ gene transfer

A

horizontal gene transfer

20
Q

which mode of gene transfer can lead to increased antibiotic resistance: horizontal or vertical?

A

horizontal

21
Q

who was the first person to observe microbes?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

22
Q

what is the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?

A

that microbes can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter (which is incorrect)

23
Q

how did Louis Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation theory?

A

through his “Swan-neck flask” experiments

24
Q

what were the Swan-neck flask experiments?

A
  • Pasteur had nutrient broth flasks, and he boiled them to kill all of the microbes (pasteurization)
  • in one Swan-neck, he broke the neck and microbes were able to enter and grow in the flask
  • in another, he left the neck alone and no growth occurred because all of the microbes were stuck at the base of the neck
25
what was the Miasma theory?
that disease was caused by foul air, bad smells, supernatural forces, imbalances of the 4 bodily humors
26
what are (Robert) Koch's postulates?
criteria by which a microorganism can be linked to a certain disease - the microorganism must present in the diseased and absent in the healthy - the microorganism can be isolated and grown in a culture - the same disease occurs when the microorganism is moved to a healthy host - the same microorganism must be able to be isolated from the new host again
27
what are some of the problems with Koch's postulates?
- ethics - asymptomatic diseases - not everything can be isolated and grown in the lab - co-infection
28
what is taxonomy and what are the three parts to it?
the science of biological classification - classification - nomenclature - identification
29
what are the taxonomic ranks in order from highest to lowest?
domain phylum class order family genus species (subspecies)
30
what is the binomial nomenclature system?
Genus and species, genus is capitalized, species is lowercase, and everything is italicized
31
when can Escherichia coli be abrreviated?
after the first mention of its name
32
what is the correct formatting for protein names? how about genes?
protein: AbcD - four letters - first and last letter capitalized - same four letters as corresponding gene name genes: abcD - all italicized - last letter capitalized only