Exam 1 - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

match the following:

a.) cellular
b.) acellular

1.) nonliving
2.) living, have metabolic functions

A

a2.) cellular are living and have metabolic functions

b1.) acellular are nonliving

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2
Q

what are the four types of acellular organisms?

A

viruses
viroids
satellites
prions

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3
Q

what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotes do not have a membrane delimited nucleus, eukaryotes always do

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4
Q

what are the three domains of life (what are LUCA’s first few descendants)?

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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5
Q

what is the three domain system based off of?

A

it’s based on a comparison of rRNA genes

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6
Q

what do cyanobacteria produce?

A

large amounts of oxygen

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7
Q

what two categories can eukarya be split into?

A

protists and fungi

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8
Q

what microbes need a host cell to replicate?

A

viruses

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9
Q

how old is the oldest fossil on earth, and what was it?

A

a 3.5 byr old microbe fossil named Swartkoppie chert

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10
Q

what was the earliest molecule on earth?

A
  • RNA
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11
Q

the earliest cells might have been RNA surrounded by ___________

A

liposomes

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12
Q

what ribonucleotide is a currency for energy?

A

adenosine 5’ triphosphate

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13
Q

what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis? what two organelles are hypothesized to have come from this theory?

A
  • bacteria were engulfed by larger cells and the bacteria became the organelles
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts
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14
Q

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

A

DNA/RNA

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15
Q

how long is 16S rRNA?

what are its roles?

A
  • 1500 bp long
  • has a structural role as scaffolding for ribosomal proteins
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16
Q

if there are many variable regions between two species’ 16S rRNA, what does this mean?

A

they are distantly related species

17
Q

who’s LUCA?

A

the Last Universal Common Ancestor

18
Q

which two of the following share a common ancestor?

bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes

A

archaea and eukaryotes. they evolved independently of bacteria

19
Q

bacteria and archaea increase their gene pool through ____________ gene transfer

A

horizontal gene transfer

20
Q

which mode of gene transfer can lead to increased antibiotic resistance: horizontal or vertical?

A

horizontal

21
Q

who was the first person to observe microbes?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

22
Q

what is the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?

A

that microbes can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter (which is incorrect)

23
Q

how did Louis Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation theory?

A

through his “Swan-neck flask” experiments

24
Q

what were the Swan-neck flask experiments?

A
  • Pasteur had nutrient broth flasks, and he boiled them to kill all of the microbes (pasteurization)
  • in one Swan-neck, he broke the neck and microbes were able to enter and grow in the flask
  • in another, he left the neck alone and no growth occurred because all of the microbes were stuck at the base of the neck
25
Q

what was the Miasma theory?

A

that disease was caused by foul air, bad smells, supernatural forces, imbalances of the 4 bodily humors

26
Q

what are (Robert) Koch’s postulates?

A

criteria by which a microorganism can be linked to a certain disease

  • the microorganism must present in the diseased and absent in the healthy
  • the microorganism can be isolated and grown in a culture
  • the same disease occurs when the microorganism is moved to a healthy host
  • the same microorganism must be able to be isolated from the new host again
27
Q

what are some of the problems with Koch’s postulates?

A
  • ethics
  • asymptomatic diseases
  • not everything can be isolated and grown in the lab
  • co-infection
28
Q

what is taxonomy and what are the three parts to it?

A

the science of biological classification

  • classification
  • nomenclature
  • identification
29
Q

what are the taxonomic ranks in order from highest to lowest?

A

domain
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
(subspecies)

30
Q

what is the binomial nomenclature system?

A

Genus and species, genus is capitalized, species is lowercase, and everything is italicized

31
Q

when can Escherichia coli be abrreviated?

A

after the first mention of its name

32
Q

what is the correct formatting for protein names?

how about genes?

A

protein: AbcD
- four letters
- first and last letter capitalized
- same four letters as corresponding gene name

genes: abcD
- all italicized
- last letter capitalized only