Exam 1 - Lecture 1 Flashcards
match the following:
a.) cellular
b.) acellular
1.) nonliving
2.) living, have metabolic functions
a2.) cellular are living and have metabolic functions
b1.) acellular are nonliving
what are the four types of acellular organisms?
viruses
viroids
satellites
prions
what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotes do not have a membrane delimited nucleus, eukaryotes always do
what are the three domains of life (what are LUCA’s first few descendants)?
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
what is the three domain system based off of?
it’s based on a comparison of rRNA genes
what do cyanobacteria produce?
large amounts of oxygen
what two categories can eukarya be split into?
protists and fungi
what microbes need a host cell to replicate?
viruses
how old is the oldest fossil on earth, and what was it?
a 3.5 byr old microbe fossil named Swartkoppie chert
what was the earliest molecule on earth?
- RNA
the earliest cells might have been RNA surrounded by ___________
liposomes
what ribonucleotide is a currency for energy?
adenosine 5’ triphosphate
what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis? what two organelles are hypothesized to have come from this theory?
- bacteria were engulfed by larger cells and the bacteria became the organelles
- mitochondria and chloroplasts
what do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain that supports the endosymbiotic theory?
DNA/RNA
how long is 16S rRNA?
what are its roles?
- 1500 bp long
- has a structural role as scaffolding for ribosomal proteins
if there are many variable regions between two species’ 16S rRNA, what does this mean?
they are distantly related species
who’s LUCA?
the Last Universal Common Ancestor
which two of the following share a common ancestor?
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes
archaea and eukaryotes. they evolved independently of bacteria
bacteria and archaea increase their gene pool through ____________ gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer
which mode of gene transfer can lead to increased antibiotic resistance: horizontal or vertical?
horizontal
who was the first person to observe microbes?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
what is the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?
that microbes can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter (which is incorrect)
how did Louis Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation theory?
through his “Swan-neck flask” experiments
what were the Swan-neck flask experiments?
- Pasteur had nutrient broth flasks, and he boiled them to kill all of the microbes (pasteurization)
- in one Swan-neck, he broke the neck and microbes were able to enter and grow in the flask
- in another, he left the neck alone and no growth occurred because all of the microbes were stuck at the base of the neck
what was the Miasma theory?
that disease was caused by foul air, bad smells, supernatural forces, imbalances of the 4 bodily humors
what are (Robert) Koch’s postulates?
criteria by which a microorganism can be linked to a certain disease
- the microorganism must present in the diseased and absent in the healthy
- the microorganism can be isolated and grown in a culture
- the same disease occurs when the microorganism is moved to a healthy host
- the same microorganism must be able to be isolated from the new host again
what are some of the problems with Koch’s postulates?
- ethics
- asymptomatic diseases
- not everything can be isolated and grown in the lab
- co-infection
what is taxonomy and what are the three parts to it?
the science of biological classification
- classification
- nomenclature
- identification
what are the taxonomic ranks in order from highest to lowest?
domain
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
(subspecies)
what is the binomial nomenclature system?
Genus and species, genus is capitalized, species is lowercase, and everything is italicized
when can Escherichia coli be abrreviated?
after the first mention of its name
what is the correct formatting for protein names?
how about genes?
protein: AbcD
- four letters
- first and last letter capitalized
- same four letters as corresponding gene name
genes: abcD
- all italicized
- last letter capitalized only
