Exam 4 - Hate Crimes Flashcards
What is a hate crime?
Crimes motivated by bias due to race, religion, ethnicity, gender identity, or other group membership of the victim.
What is the fundamental difference b/w a hate crime and other types of crime?
Bias motivation behind the offense
What is the conceptual issue of motive in defining hate crime?
Motive =/= Intent
“Hate” can be misleading
Who is protected by hate crime laws?
- Race/Ethnicity (Federal, Every State)
- Religion (Federal, Every State)
- National Origin (Federal, Florida)
- Gender (Federal)
- Age (Florida)
- Sexual Orientation (Federal, Florida)
- Gender Identity (Federal)
- Disability (Federal, Every State)
- US Armed Services (Federal)
- Homelessness (Florida)
What was ruled in Wisconsin vs. Mitchell?
Hate crimes are…
- “… more likely to provoke retaliatory crimes, inflict distinct emotional harm on victims, and incite community unrest”
What are the waves of harm after a hate crime?
Initial Victim
->
The Initial Victim’s group
->
Other targeted communities
->
Societal Norms and Values
What is the most common form of hate crime?
Racial/Ethnic hate crime
What are the three layers of error most relevant to hate crime?
- Victim under-reporting
- Police under-identification/recording
- Charging/Prosecution
What are reasons hate crimes are not reported?
- Decreased perceptions of police legitimacy
- Desensitization to chronic discrimination
- Preference for informal help
- Perceptions that police are ill-equipped to deal with population-specific problems
- Concern that the police may respond to them with bias
- Fear of identity or status exposure
- Language/structural barriers
- Cultural norms that discourage help-seeking
What is ceremonious compliance?
law enforcement is forced to comply and report hate crimes so many will report 0 hate crimes with no intention of investigating or pursing reports they have received
What is political legitimization theory?
A state can legitimize bias by enabling a divisive political environment in which potential hate crime offenders feel as if hate crimes are implicitly condoned.
How does social learning theory explain hate crime?
Bigotry can be learned from parents in two ways:
- Taught
- Caught by catching parent’s attitudes
What is the role of authoritarianism on child development?
- Believe world is not equal, but hierarchical
- Believe power and authority are most important factors in human relationships
- Fight impulses that they have been taught are evil
- Project impulses onto others, cannot trust others
-Displace aggression onto the vulnerable
Role of masculinity on hate crime?
Masculinity equated with violence and aggression
- Some use violence to demonstrate that they are “real men”
- Find certain groups especially threatening
