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CCJ 4614 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two viewpoints that define deviant behavior?

A

Normative Perspective
Situational Perspective

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2
Q

Normative vs. Situational perspective of deviant behavior

A

Normative: Sees deviance as behavior that violates generally accepted social norms.

Situational: Shifts the focus to the social situation surrounding the behavior in question (when and where it occurred)

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3
Q

What is Deviant Behavior?

A

Actions that violate social norms

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4
Q

What are the two sociological concepts that determine if a behavior is deviant?

A
  • Culture
  • Social Organization
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5
Q

Social organization…

A

Provides the means for carrying out the complex network of social interactions b/w individuals, social groups, and institutions.

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6
Q

Why is culture important in relation to deviance?

A

What is deviant is based on culture (calling out class in America is deviant but could be the norm in another country)

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7
Q

What are social norms?

A

Normative expectations for behavior that provide boundaries for interpersonal relations

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8
Q

Social Roles

A

Defined by a set of social norms for the behavior of individuals who occupy given statuses within society.

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9
Q

Expectational Norms

A

Refers to behaviors ideal for individuals who are enacting a particular social role or who are in a given social situation.

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10
Q

What are behavioral norms?

A

What persons typically do when occupying a particular role or in a given social situation.

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11
Q

Situational Perspective (How it defines deviance & the steps)

A

The labeling of certain actions as deviant depends on the social characteristics and context of the actor.

  1. Defining behaviors
  2. Labeling Actors
  3. Responding to the label attached to the actors
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12
Q

Public Condemnation in terms of defining deviance

A

The degree of public condemnation of the behavior and the offenders can serve as an indicator of the severity of the deviant act.

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13
Q

Informal vs. Formal Controls

A

Informal: Refers to gossip, ridicule, and exclusion from group activities and social groups, among other forms.

Formal: Refers to the official sanctioning of certain norm violators.

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14
Q

What are William Graham’s classifications of social norms?

A
  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Laws
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15
Q

Folkways

A

Everyday practices commonly observed within a given culture (expected to be followed)

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16
Q

Mores

A

Norms that govern more important sociocultural behaviors (offensive to violate)

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17
Q

Laws

A

The most serious form of social norms, used to respond to criminal norm violations.

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18
Q

Patterened vs. Idiosyncratic (Social Dimensions of Deviance)

A
  • Patterned: Deviant behaviors are carried out in similar ways by individuals who have never met across widely scattered geographical areas (ex. date rape)
  • Idiosyncratic: “Odd” deviance unique to certain people, not likely to form patterns, less common, not likely to be repeated.
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19
Q

Positive vs. Negative (Social dimensions of deviance)

A
  • Positive: Deviance that is necessary for creative problem solving + to bring about social/political change
  • Negative: Negative consequences on individuals and society at large, which is why it is considered deviant
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20
Q

Innovative vs. Routine (Social dimensions of deviance)

A
  • Innovative: May be either positive or negative, like scientific breakthroughs vs. cybercrime
  • Routine: Deviance that is “normal” like drugs; it is deviant because it’s defined that way.
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21
Q

Episodic vs. Chronic (Social dimensions of deviance)

A
  • Episodic: Deviance that occurs only because of the circumstances the person is in.
  • Chronic: Deviance or criminal behavior which persists across a wide range of social situations.
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22
Q

Situational deviance

A

certain situations lead to deviance that would
not be engaged in normally (riots)

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23
Q

Durkheim’s arguments
for the functions of deviance

A

1) it clarifies norms and increases conformity
2) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviance
3) it can help lead to positive social change and challenges to people’s present view

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24
Q

Role of deviance in identity
formation

A

Involvement in certain forms of deviance can provide a sense of identity to persons who are unable to gain status or recognition through legitimate means

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25
Q

What can deviance tell us
about the need for social
change?

A

Signals the need for greater social change (ex. opioid epidemic / organized acts of civil disobedience)

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26
Q

How does deviant behavior relate to societal employment?

A

CJS provides hundreds of thousands of jobs, engaging in deviance can result in a harder time finding a job

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27
Q

How was crime and deviance explained in the pre-modern era?

A

Demonic possession, metaphysical + spirtual forces, makeup of human beings and the millenium they live

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28
Q

Positivism

A

Philosophical approach to the study of society that relies on what can be observed and emphasizes empirical scientific evidence

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29
Q

Positivisms impact on the view of deviance

A

the growth of positivism led to the rethinking of causes of social behavior and the structure of social life, led to the replacement of non-empirical beliefs

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30
Q

three traditional theoretical perspectives on crime and deviance in the modern age

A
  1. The classical school
  2. The social reaction, or labeling, perspective
  3. Social control theory
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31
Q

scientific theory

A

a set of interrelated and interdependent propositions designed to predict a given phenomenon

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32
Q

proposition

A

a statement of the relationship between two variables, or phenomena, in the empirical world

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33
Q

Logical consistency

A

Refers to the clarity of the concepts or variables that are used to form propositions

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34
Q

Scope

A

Refers to the “Range of phenomena” accounted for by the theory

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35
Q

Parsimony

A

Refers to the ideal in science to discover the simplest theoretical explanation for the broadest set of occurrences (Related to scope) aka the simpler the better

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36
Q

Testability

A

refers to the ability of other scientist to test the theory - crucial for theories

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37
Q

Empirical validity

A

scientifically credible evidence supporting the theory - fundamental

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38
Q

Usefulness

A

empirically validated evidence from the theory is used to design and implement prevention and intervention programs and policies - very important

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39
Q

Classical School of Thought

A

Views crime as a free-will decision, developed by Caesar Beccaria

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40
Q

Three basic characteristics of all individuals (Beccaria)

A
  • Free will
  • Rationality: Acting and refraining as deliberate processes
  • Manipulability: The rational pursuit of self-interest
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41
Q

Hedonistic principle and its role in deterring crime

A

Persons are motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

inflicting a sufficient amount of pain or discomfort on the offender could deter criminal behavior

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42
Q

Rational & Situational Choice Theory

A

(Cornish & Clarke) Focus on the individuals conscious, rational decision making, rationality is bounded

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43
Q

Target hardening

A

Making physical spaces more defensible and less attractive to perpetrators, can deter crime or result in crime displacement

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44
Q

crime displacement

A

changing the location of criminal behavior to a more conducive environment

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45
Q

symbolic interaction theory

A

(Cooley & Mead) our sense of self is the result of an interactional process

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46
Q

Looking-Glass self

A

the qualities that we assign to ourselves are those that we think other assign to us

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47
Q

societal reaction/labeling perspective on crime?

A

The behavior of indiviudals is based on how society labels them, those labeled deviant are more likely to engage in more deviance

48
Q

Primary vs Secondary deviance

A

Primary: Typically refers to minor norm violations

Secondary: primary deviance becomes publicly known and the person is adjudicated as criminal

49
Q

self-derogation

A

The process by which one accepts the negative judgments of others

50
Q

Braithwaite’s Theory of Reintegrative Shaming (and how is it different from disintegrative shaming)

A

Reintegrative shaming occurs when the community conveys its disapproval of a person’s deviant behavior, but maintains respect for the individual. On the other hand, disintegrative shaming is when the person is labeled criminal for their behavior

51
Q

Basic premise of social bonds theory

A

Social bonds deter delinquent and criminal behavior

52
Q

Attachment

A

strength of bonds to family and other prosocial relationships

53
Q

Commitment

A

level of dedication to conventional norms, goals, and institutions

54
Q

Involvement

A

level of involvement in conventional activities

55
Q

Belief

A

level of belief in the validity of mainstream values and norms

56
Q

General Theory of Crime

A

(Gottfredson & Hirschi) Focuses on individuals’ self-control; most crimes are not well planned but are committed to satisfy an immediate need or desire.

57
Q

How is low self-control defined?

A

An orientation toward the present, rather than the future (short-sightedness), attraction towards physical activities, self-centeredness, risk taking, intolerance for frustration

58
Q

Conflict perspective

A

focuses on the ways in which social conflicts (primarily class conflict) affect the prevalence of criminal offending and deviant behavior

59
Q

Marxist analysis of social structure

A

Two conflicting classes: Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the Proletariat (the working class).

Inequality comes from the concentration of wealth/power in the Bourgeoisie, exploitation of the working class, and their ability to manipulate the legal system

60
Q

Sellin’s conduct norms

A

Deviance arises when the conduct norms of one cultural group of subculture clash with one another

61
Q

When are conflict over conduct norms most likely to occur?

A
  1. two cultural groups in close proximity + the conduct norms of one group conflicts with the other
  2. Laws of the dominant cultural group govern the subordinate group
  3. members of one group move into an area governed by another group
62
Q

Turk’s conflict model & under what conditions is social conflict most likely to occur

A

Criminal acts of the less powerful members of society are more likely to be criminalized than those of the powerful

  1. marked differences in cultural values
  2. Less powerful members of society are well-organized and committed to advancing their cause
63
Q

Quinney’s theory of social reality of crime

A

Criminal & delinquent behaviors are social constructions fabricated by the dominant economic class to control the working masses

Two related processes:

  1. Legally defining criminal behaviors as criminal
  2. Imposing the label of “criminal” on those who engage in such behaviors
64
Q

Thio’s power theory of deviance

A

Deviance may be viewed along a range of lower to higher consensus acts. Higher consensus = less ambiguity about potential/real harm from said act

65
Q

what role does consensus play in defining deviance

A

The higher the consensus, the less the ambiguity about the potential or actual harm that results from the deviant behavior

66
Q

Thio’s power theory of deviance primary propositions

A
  1. The more power people have, the more likely they will be to engage in lower consensus deviance with a lower probability of being labeled deviant
  2. It is more likely that the powerful will engage in lower consensus deviance and the powerless will commit higher consensus deviance
  3. Deviance by the powerful induces deviance by the powerless that, in turn, contributes to deviance by the powerful
67
Q

Hagan’s conceptualization of social class as a product of power relations

A

The social class of workers is defined by the extent to which they own a business, or can exercise authority over other workers, owners are in a position to commit larger crimes than employees

Black builds on this, saying how the law is most likely to be mobilized when the powerful initiate it (white vs black)

68
Q

Daly and Chelsey-Lind Feminist Theory

A

Drew attention to the disproportionate involvement of men in most forms of criminal and deviant activity

69
Q

Male Dominance Feminist Theory

A

Theories of crime and deviance must include consideration of the complex issues related to gender inequities and their consequences

70
Q

functionalist perspective

A

focuses on the purpose, usefulness, or contribution that a particular social phenomenon makes to the social order.

71
Q

Durkheims perspective on functionalism

A

Crime & deviance are normal occurrences in society, society without crime is not possible

72
Q

Manifest functions

A

intended to make change and recognized

73
Q

Latent functions

A

neither intended nor recognized but still makes change

74
Q

Dysfunctions

A

any social element that disrupts the stability of a society and causes the society not to run smoothly.

75
Q

social integration

A

the extent to which persons were bound into or isolated from social life

76
Q

social regulation

A

the extent to which individuals are required to follow the guidelines for their behavior established by the group

77
Q

Merton’s theory of social structure and anomie

A

argued that most people are socialized to want the same cultural goals, but not all have the institutionalized means to attain those goals, leading to anomie (a potential precursor of deviant behavior)

78
Q

Conformity (adaptation to anomie)

A

acceptance of institutionalized means to culturally approved goals

79
Q

Innovation (adaptation to anomie)

A

acceptance of the culturally approved goals, but a rejection of the instituitonalized means to achieve them

80
Q

Ritualism (adaptation to anomie)

A

lowering one’s expectations for success to a level that is more readily available

81
Q

Retreatism (adaptation to anomie)

A

rejection of both the culturally approved goals and the institutionalized means for achieving them

82
Q

Rebellion (adaptation to anomie)

A

rejection of both the institutionalized means and culturally approved goals, followed by the adoption of new means and new goals

83
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s theories on the development of subcultures

A

young people turn to delinquency when they have been boxed out of more legitimate opportunities - 3 subcultures: criminal, violent, retreatist

84
Q

Criminal subcultures

A

provide opportunities for engaging in crimes of theft, drug dealing, and other forms of profitable illicit activities

85
Q

Violent subcultures

A

occur when opportunities for profitable criminal activities are not available. In these subcultures, participants rely on their physical prowess to gain respect

86
Q

Retreatist subcultures

A

occur when there are no opportunities for involvement in crime and participants lack the physical ability to gain status by the use of force (drug use is common)

87
Q

Agnew’s strain theory of deviant behavior

A

Strain is experienced when aspirations + expectations are not met / negative social interaction, crime is used to alleviate this strain

88
Q

Strain

A

Stressors that increase the likelihood of crime

89
Q

Social disorganization

A

the disregard for norms of behavior by individual group members

90
Q

cultural transmission theory

A

refers to the cultural passing-on of values that support delinquent behaviors, from adolescents currently living in the neighborhood to recent arrivals

91
Q

Wolfgang and Ferracuti’s subculture of violence thesis

A

observed that most violent behaviors are spontaneous acts prompted by trivial disputes, a subculture of violence places great value on the use of aggression to resolve disputes (lack of this aggression can result in ridicule + social isolation)

92
Q

Miller’s focal concerns theory and all focal concerns

A

Concerns which organize the daily life of lower class residents within the inner city

1.Trouble

2.Toughness

3.Smartness

4.Excitement

5.Fate

6.Autonomy

93
Q

Cohen’s theory of status frustration

A

Argued that lower class boys form gangs and commit crimes to obtain a sense of belonging and status otherwise denied to them by schools and other middle-class institutions

94
Q

Sykes and Matza’s techniques of neutralization

A

Deviant people routinely deny the social and personal harm caused by behavior by developing techniques of neutralization:

1.denial of responsibility

2.denial of injury

3.denial of victims

4.appeal to higher loyalties

5.condemnation of condemners

95
Q

Anderson’s Code of the Street

A

survival depends on the ability to gain and maintain respect among other resident of the neighborhood

96
Q

differential association theory

A

Edwin Sutherland - the greater the interaction with others who commit crime (more than with those who dont), the greater the likelihood that the motives, rationalizations, and techniques for criminal offending will be learned and carried out

97
Q

social learning theory

A

Ronald Akers - asks why people engage in criminal and non criminal activity. involves four related processes: differential association + reinforcement, definitions and imitation

98
Q

Definitions (social learning theory)

A

the meaning and value given to certain behaviors.

99
Q

Differential reinforcement (social learning theory)

A

behaviors for which a reward is granted or anticipated will be repeated

100
Q

Imitation (social learning theory)

A

process by which individuals model admired behavior of others

101
Q

Sutherland’s Nine Propositions of Differential Association Theory

A
  1. Criminal behavior is learned
  2. It is learned in interactions with others (usually verbal)
  3. Learned within intimate personal groups
  4. Learned behaviors include techniques of committing the crime, and the specific direction of motives
  5. The specific direction of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable

6***** A person becomes delinquent not just through criminal activity but also through the isolation from anticriminal patterns

  1. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
  2. Mechanisms involved in learning crime are the same as those for learning other things
  3. Criminal behavior = expression of general needs and values but is not explained by those same needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same thing
102
Q

How did Burgess and Akers build on Sutherlands propositions

A

revised the theory to argue that an individual is more likely to commit a crime when they associate with others who commit, model, and support law violation

103
Q

Fear of ridicule

A

The fear of not being accepted by one’s peers - can result in a person committing acts they normally would not

104
Q

Status

A

Denotes prestige or respect within a group, often within some sort of recognized hierarchy (important among adolescents)

105
Q

Short and Strodtbeck - Status and Gangs

A

Gang members use crime to fend off attacks to status or to establish status (assaulting someone after losing a tournament)

106
Q

Boredom

A

Adolescents (and adults but less commonly) have large amounts of free time, leading to the engagement of group processes, leading to the possible participation in deviance

107
Q

Protection

A

Young people, and males in particular, sometimes form alliances with peers as a means of protection from other groups (motivation for gang formation)

108
Q

moral cover & what is important in providing it

A

Loyalty…

a moral imperative that supersedes or nullifies the gravity of an act (makes deviant behavior not deviant)

109
Q

How do ridicule, loyalty and status interact with each other?

A

While all members of a group seek to avoid ridicule, fear of ridicule also interacts with status as those with greater status have more to lose, thus they take more extreme measures

110
Q

compliance mechanism

A

Ex. Loyalty and fear of ridicule - operate to promote conformity, regardless of whether a behavior is legal or not

111
Q

Magnifying mechanism

A

Ex. Loyalty & ridicule - can transform the behavior of one (or a few) individuals into the behavior of many

112
Q

saving face

A

Among males, in particular, status can lead to direct physical confrontation

113
Q

What role do witnesses play in peer delinquency?

A

When others are around, reactions tend to be more aggressive

114
Q

What roles do alcohol and drug use play in peer delinquency and crime?

A

Adolescents use it in a group setting (brings them together), stimulate/exacerbate delinquency, commit crime to buy drugs

115
Q

Routine Activities Theory (Cohen & Felson)

A

Individuals’ lifestyle influences the likelihood of becoming a victim of criminal activity, including the presence of three factors in particular:

  1. Motivated offenders
  2. lack of capable guardian
  3. Suitable target
116
Q

Seduction of Crime (Katz)

A

The exhilaration and excitement that accompanies committing a criminal act can be inherently motivating - related to hedonism.

CCJ 4614 (14 decks)

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