Exam 3 - Alcohol Use and Abuse

Question 1

What is alcoholism?

Answer 1

Primary chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.

Question 2

What features mark alcoholism?

Answer 2

• Cravings
• Loss of control
• Physical dependence
• Increased Tolerance

Question 3

What is the average per capita consumption of the United States?

Answer 3

• 8.6 gallons
• 23rd internationally.
  Global: 1.6 gallons

Question 4

How many global deaths per year are alcohol-related?

Answer 4

1.8 million

Question 5

About ___ in five (___%) report binge drinking in the previous month.

Answer 5

One, (23.3%)

Question 6

About _% of people admit to heavy drinking (5 or more drinks on 5 or more days of a month) in the previous month.

Answer 6

7%

Question 7

__% of college-educated persons drink.

Answer 7

61%

Question 8

_ in 10 college-educated people binge drink.

Answer 8

4 in 10

Question 9

Excessive alcohol use _________ with age.

Answer 9

Decreases

Question 10

About ____ of Americans had at least one drink in the past month.

Answer 10

Half (51.6%)

Question 11

Drinking among males _____ that of females.

Answer 11

Exceeds.
M: 57.7%
F: 45.9%

Question 12

In cultures where drinking is an integral part of everyday life, alcohol dependency is ___.

Answer 12

Low

Question 13

People who begin drinking before the age of 15 are __ times more likely to develop alcohol dependency compared to those who had their first drink at age 20 or older.

Answer 13

4 times more likely.

Question 14

Drinking before Age 16 is linked to what four indicators of alcohol use later in life?

Answer 14

• Higher frequency of drinking
• More binge drinking
• Issues with cutting down, alcohol-related guilt
• The need for alcohol in the morning to remove hangover (eye-opener)

Question 15

What percent of Americans have had at least one alcoholic drink by age 18?

Answer 15

60%

Question 16

What percent of drinking among youth (12-20) is binge drinking?

Answer 16

90%

Question 17

When will cultures experience high rates of alcohol and drug dependence?

Answer 17

When the culture:
- Positively sanctions the use of alcohol to alleviate stress
- Fails to provide other effective methods of stress reduction.

Question 18

What role do retreatist subcultures play in alcoholism?

Answer 18

[Social dropouts] gravitate to subcultures with ready access to illicit drugs and alcohol, which provide the opportunity + social support to use and develop alcohol/intoxicant dependence.

Question 19

What is the cultural integration perspective in relation to alcoholism?

Answer 19

• After rejecting culturally approved means & goals, some individuals may retreat into alcohol abuse to avoid stress & tension.

Question 20

What is the Self-derogation perspective in relation to alcoholism?

Answer 20

• Negative attitudes towards oneself decreases motivation to conform to norms and increased motivation to commit deviance.
• Deviant behavior provides escape from social devaluation
• Drinking establishes a false sense of well being

Question 21

What is the strain theory in relation to alcoholism?

Answer 21

Negative social relations give rise to stressful emotional states.

• Alcohol is used to relieve this distress

Question 22

What is the social learning theory in relation to alcoholism?

Answer 22

Physiological effects of alcohol Alcohol can differentially reinforce learned definitions of substance.

• Excessive drinking can be differentially reinforced when expected pleasure > adverse social/legal response
  —- Peer acceptance, imitation, etc.

Question 23

What is alcohol abuse?

Answer 23

Recurrent use of alcohol leading to clinically and functionally significant impairment.

Question 24

What cultural conditions promote nonproblematic drinking?

Answer 24

1. Religious celebrations
2. Ritualistic feasts
3. Everyone is allowed to drink regardless of whether everyone does
4. Drinking is separate from the individual’s effort to escape anxiety/social difficulties
5. Acting inappropriately while drinking is heavily looked down upon

Question 25

___ out of every two people over age 12 drink alcohol.

Answer 25

One

Question 26

__________ people over 18 meet the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol abuse.

Answer 26

15 million.

Question 27

What nations have the highest alcohol consumption per capita?

Answer 27

Belarus (17.5 g/c)
Moldova (16.8)
Lithuania (15.4)
Russia (15.1)

Question 28

What nations have the lowest alcohol consumption per capita?

Answer 28

Pakistan (0.1)
Maritania (0.1)
Libya (0.1)
Kuwait (0.1)