Exam 3 - Alcohol Use and Abuse Flashcards
What is alcoholism?
Primary chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.
What features mark alcoholism?
- Cravings
- Loss of control
- Physical dependence
- Increased Tolerance
What is the average per capita consumption of the United States?
- 8.6 gallons
- 23rd internationally.
Global: 1.6 gallons
How many global deaths per year are alcohol-related?
1.8 million
About ___ in five (___%) report binge drinking in the previous month.
One, (23.3%)
About _% of people admit to heavy drinking (5 or more drinks on 5 or more days of a month) in the previous month.
7%
__% of college-educated persons drink.
61%
_ in 10 college-educated people binge drink.
4 in 10
Excessive alcohol use _________ with age.
Decreases
About ____ of Americans had at least one drink in the past month.
Half (51.6%)
Drinking among males _____ that of females.
Exceeds.
M: 57.7%
F: 45.9%
In cultures where drinking is an integral part of everyday life, alcohol dependency is ___.
Low
People who begin drinking before the age of 15 are __ times more likely to develop alcohol dependency compared to those who had their first drink at age 20 or older.
4 times more likely.
Drinking before Age 16 is linked to what four indicators of alcohol use later in life?
- Higher frequency of drinking
- More binge drinking
- Issues with cutting down, alcohol-related guilt
- The need for alcohol in the morning to remove hangover (eye-opener)
What percent of Americans have had at least one alcoholic drink by age 18?
60%
What percent of drinking among youth (12-20) is binge drinking?
90%
When will cultures experience high rates of alcohol and drug dependence?
When the culture:
- Positively sanctions the use of alcohol to alleviate stress
- Fails to provide other effective methods of stress reduction.
What role do retreatist subcultures play in alcoholism?
[Social dropouts] gravitate to subcultures with ready access to illicit drugs and alcohol, which provide the opportunity + social support to use and develop alcohol/intoxicant dependence.
What is the cultural integration perspective in relation to alcoholism?
- After rejecting culturally approved means & goals, some individuals may retreat into alcohol abuse to avoid stress & tension.
What is the Self-derogation perspective in relation to alcoholism?
- Negative attitudes towards oneself decreases motivation to conform to norms and increased motivation to commit deviance.
- Deviant behavior provides escape from social devaluation
- Drinking establishes a false sense of well being
What is the strain theory in relation to alcoholism?
Negative social relations give rise to stressful emotional states.
- Alcohol is used to relieve this distress
What is the social learning theory in relation to alcoholism?
Physiological effects of alcohol Alcohol can differentially reinforce learned definitions of substance.
- Excessive drinking can be differentially reinforced when expected pleasure > adverse social/legal response
—- Peer acceptance, imitation, etc.
What is alcohol abuse?
Recurrent use of alcohol leading to clinically and functionally significant impairment.
What cultural conditions promote nonproblematic drinking?
- Religious celebrations
- Ritualistic feasts
- Everyone is allowed to drink regardless of whether everyone does
- Drinking is separate from the individual’s effort to escape anxiety/social difficulties
- Acting inappropriately while drinking is heavily looked down upon
___ out of every two people over age 12 drink alcohol.
One
__________ people over 18 meet the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol abuse.
15 million.
What nations have the highest alcohol consumption per capita?
Belarus (17.5 g/c)
Moldova (16.8)
Lithuania (15.4)
Russia (15.1)
What nations have the lowest alcohol consumption per capita?
Pakistan (0.1)
Maritania (0.1)
Libya (0.1)
Kuwait (0.1)
