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CCJ 4614 > Exam 2 - Homicide > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Homicide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different forms of homicide?

A

Criminal Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Excusable Homicide

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2
Q

What is criminal homicide?

A

The intentional killing of one human being by another without legal justification or excuse.

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3
Q

What is Justifiable Homicide?

A

The intentional killing of one human being by another with legal justification, including:
- Execution of a convicted offender
- Killing of an enemy by the military
- Actions committed in self-defense when facing bodily harm or death

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4
Q

What is Excusable homicide?

A

Typically involves the accidental killing of another human being

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5
Q

What are the two different legal forms of criminal homicide?

A
  • Murder
  • Manslaughter
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6
Q

What are the different forms of manslaughter?

A
  • First-degree manslaughter: Fatal encounters that erupt heatedly and involve considerable provocation
  • Second-degree manslaughter: Fatal encounters that do not involve the intention to kill or harm the victim, but result from negligent actions of the offender
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7
Q

What is Premeditation?

A

The act of deliberating, meditating upon, or planning a course of action.

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8
Q

What is Malice Afterthought?

A

An unjustifiable, inexcusable, and unmitigated person-endangering state of mind.

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9
Q

What is Provocation?

A

The active involvement of the victim prior to/in a lethal encounter

May be either verbal, physical, or both.

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10
Q

What are the two forms of assault?

A
  1. A physical attempt to commit bodily injury to another human being
  2. Putting another in fear of imminent bodily injury.
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11
Q

What is Battery?

A

Refers to the actual offensive touching or unwanted physical contact between the assailant and victim. Need not result in physical injury.

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12
Q

What is Aggravated Assault?

A

An assault which is committed with a weapon, or with the intention of committing another crime.

Including murder, rape, grand larceny, etc.

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13
Q

What is the US homicide rate versus the global rate?

A

US: 4.9
World: 6.2

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14
Q

Which global regions have the highest homicide rates?

A

South Africa + Central America

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15
Q

Which global regions have the lowest homicide rates?

A

Eastern Asia, Southern and Western Europe

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16
Q

There was a _________ in homicide rates in the US from the 1980s - 2011.

A

Substantial decline.
Consistent across age, gender, and racial spectra.

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17
Q

People between the ages of __ and __ are most likely to be offenders and victims.

A

15 and 24

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18
Q

The probability of victimization falls sharply after age __.

A

35

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19
Q

Victimization between ages 35 and 49 are very similar to that between ages of __ and __.

A

14 and 17

20
Q

Roughly __ out of 10 homicides in the US are committed by men

A

9

21
Q

What percent of homicide victims are men?

A

79%

22
Q

What percent of female homicide victims are male?

A

73%

23
Q

Black people are ___ times more likely than white people to be homicide victims

A

6

24
Q

Most homicides are _________________.

A

Intra-racial

25
Q

What is intra-racial crime?

A

Crime in which the offender and victim ar of the same race.

26
Q

What are the percentages of intra-racial crime?

A
  • 94% of black victims are murdered by black offenders.
  • 86% of white victims are murdered by white offenders
27
Q

What are the gender differences in victims?

A
  • Men are most likely to assault/kill friends/acquaintances
  • Women are most likely to assault/kill family members
28
Q

What is the age group with the lowest rate of homicide?

A

Ages 6 - 11, Middle childhood

29
Q

What is the regional homicide rate difference in the US?

A

Highest: South US (DC has highest)
Lowest: Northeast
Disproportionately committed in large urban areas

30
Q

It is more likely when an adolescent commits a homicide that ________

A

An adult is present.

31
Q

Homicide in teen years is ___ higher than for any persons of any other age.

A

10%

32
Q

Apart from criminal homicide, ages 12-17 (juveniles) are _________ to be victimized by crime than adults

A

more than twice as likely

33
Q

Apart from criminal homicide, ages 12-17 (juveniles) are _________ to be victimized by crime than adults

A

more than twice as likely

34
Q

Frustration-Aggression Theory in relation to homicide

A

As frustration increases, so does the probability of aggression.
- Frustration/Verbal Aggression leads to the potential for violence, including escalation to assault or homicide.

35
Q

Unreciprocity Theory in relation to homicide

A
  • Reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis to specifically focus on reciprocity in role relationships.
  • Unreciprocity is frustrating; if experienced over an extended period of time can lead to violent behavior.
36
Q

Hirschi’s social control theory in relation to homicide

A

The greater the integration of the individual into conventional society, the less likely they are to commit acts of violence toward others.

37
Q

Self-Control theory in relation to homicide

A

Individuals who lack self-control are at greater risk for involvement in spontaneous violence and violent interpersonal attacks.

38
Q

What is attachment?

A

The willingness of individuals to conform their conduct to the norms of larger society.

39
Q

What is commitment?

A

Investment of time and energy in conventional activities

40
Q

What is involvement?

A

Intensity in which a person engages in conventional activities.

41
Q

What is belief?

A

Level of belief in the validity of mainstream values and norms.

42
Q

Cloward & Ohlins subcultural theory in relation to homicide

A
  • Criminal, violent, and retreatist subcultures structure opportunities for criminal activity.
  • Those who subscribe to violent subcultures are particularly likely to perpetrate homicide
43
Q

Wolfgang and Ferracuti’s Subculture of VIolence theory

A

Acts of homicide and assaultive behaviors are far more likely within a subculture of homicide

44
Q

Social Disorganization Theory in relation to homicide

A

Factors leading to disorganization:
1. Residential mobility - inhibits community bonds
2. Concentrated disadvantage
3. Racial heterogeneity

These places have less collective efficacy and more homicides

45
Q

Strain theory in relation to homicide

A

In the absence of viable outlets for tension reduction or healthy alternatives to destructive behavior, assault and homicide becomes more probable.

46
Q

What is the role of the victim-offender relationship in homicide?

A

Most homicides involve people who know each other. Males are more likely to murder friends/acquaintances; Women more likely to kill family members

CCJ 4614 (14 decks)

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