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CCJ 4614 > Exam 2 - Homicide > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Homicide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different forms of homicide?

A

Criminal Homicide
Justifiable Homicide
Excusable Homicide

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2
Q

What is criminal homicide?

A

The intentional killing of one human being by another without legal justification or excuse.

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3
Q

What is Justifiable Homicide?

A

The intentional killing of one human being by another with legal justification, including:
- Execution of a convicted offender
- Killing of an enemy by the military
- Actions committed in self-defense when facing bodily harm or death

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4
Q

What is Excusable homicide?

A

Typically involves the accidental killing of another human being

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5
Q

What are the two different legal forms of criminal homicide?

A
  • Murder
  • Manslaughter
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6
Q

What are the different forms of manslaughter?

A
  • First-degree manslaughter: Fatal encounters that erupt heatedly and involve considerable provocation
  • Second-degree manslaughter: Fatal encounters that do not involve the intention to kill or harm the victim, but result from negligent actions of the offender
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7
Q

What is Premeditation?

A

The act of deliberating, meditating upon, or planning a course of action.

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8
Q

What is Malice Afterthought?

A

An unjustifiable, inexcusable, and unmitigated person-endangering state of mind.

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9
Q

What is Provocation?

A

The active involvement of the victim prior to/in a lethal encounter

May be either verbal, physical, or both.

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10
Q

What are the two forms of assault?

A
  1. A physical attempt to commit bodily injury to another human being
  2. Putting another in fear of imminent bodily injury.
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11
Q

What is Battery?

A

Refers to the actual offensive touching or unwanted physical contact between the assailant and victim. Need not result in physical injury.

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12
Q

What is Aggravated Assault?

A

An assault which is committed with a weapon, or with the intention of committing another crime.

Including murder, rape, grand larceny, etc.

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13
Q

What is the US homicide rate versus the global rate?

A

US: 4.9
World: 6.2

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14
Q

Which global regions have the highest homicide rates?

A

South Africa + Central America

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15
Q

Which global regions have the lowest homicide rates?

A

Eastern Asia, Southern and Western Europe

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16
Q

There was a _________ in homicide rates in the US from the 1980s - 2011.

A

Substantial decline.
Consistent across age, gender, and racial spectra.

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17
Q

People between the ages of __ and __ are most likely to be offenders and victims.

A

15 and 24

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18
Q

The probability of victimization falls sharply after age __.

A

35

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19
Q

Victimization between ages 35 and 49 are very similar to that between ages of __ and __.

20
Q

Roughly __ out of 10 homicides in the US are committed by men

21
Q

What percent of homicide victims are men?

22
Q

What percent of female homicide victims are male?

23
Q

Black people are ___ times more likely than white people to be homicide victims

24
Q

Most homicides are _________________.

A

Intra-racial

25
What is intra-racial crime?
Crime in which the offender and victim ar of the same race.
26
What are the percentages of intra-racial crime?
- 94% of black victims are murdered by black offenders. - 86% of white victims are murdered by white offenders
27
What are the gender differences in victims?
- Men are most likely to assault/kill friends/acquaintances - Women are most likely to assault/kill family members
28
What is the age group with the lowest rate of homicide?
Ages 6 - 11, Middle childhood
29
What is the regional homicide rate difference in the US?
Highest: South US (DC has highest) Lowest: Northeast Disproportionately committed in large urban areas
30
It is more likely when an adolescent commits a homicide that ________
An adult is present.
31
Homicide in teen years is ___ higher than for any persons of any other age.
10%
32
Apart from criminal homicide, ages 12-17 (juveniles) are _________ to be victimized by crime than adults
more than twice as likely
33
Apart from criminal homicide, ages 12-17 (juveniles) are _________ to be victimized by crime than adults
more than twice as likely
34
Frustration-Aggression Theory in relation to homicide
As frustration increases, so does the probability of aggression. - Frustration/Verbal Aggression leads to the potential for violence, including escalation to assault or homicide.
35
Unreciprocity Theory in relation to homicide
- Reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis to specifically focus on reciprocity in role relationships. - Unreciprocity is frustrating; if experienced over an extended period of time can lead to violent behavior.
36
Hirschi's social control theory in relation to homicide
The greater the integration of the individual into conventional society, the less likely they are to commit acts of violence toward others.
37
Self-Control theory in relation to homicide
Individuals who lack self-control are at greater risk for involvement in spontaneous violence and violent interpersonal attacks.
38
What is attachment?
The willingness of individuals to conform their conduct to the norms of larger society.
39
What is commitment?
Investment of time and energy in conventional activities
40
What is involvement?
Intensity in which a person engages in conventional activities.
41
What is belief?
Level of belief in the validity of mainstream values and norms.
42
Cloward & Ohlins subcultural theory in relation to homicide
- Criminal, violent, and retreatist subcultures structure opportunities for criminal activity. - Those who subscribe to violent subcultures are particularly likely to perpetrate homicide
43
Wolfgang and Ferracuti's Subculture of VIolence theory
Acts of homicide and assaultive behaviors are far more likely within a subculture of homicide
44
Social Disorganization Theory in relation to homicide
Factors leading to disorganization: 1. Residential mobility - inhibits community bonds 2. Concentrated disadvantage 3. Racial heterogeneity These places have less collective efficacy and more homicides
45
Strain theory in relation to homicide
In the absence of viable outlets for tension reduction or healthy alternatives to destructive behavior, assault and homicide becomes more probable.
46
What is the role of the victim-offender relationship in homicide?
Most homicides involve people who know each other. Males are more likely to murder friends/acquaintances; Women more likely to kill family members

CCJ 4614 (14 decks)

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