Exam #4: Future of Nursing Flashcards
In 2011, how many people were in the world?
6.9 billion
Up from 2.8 billion in 1955
Health of infants and children dependent on status of ___ in society.
Women
Do negative traditional practices, violence, and exploitation of girls continue?
Yes
Is family planning a personal right?
Yes
Food supply has doubled in the last ___ years.
40 years
Adult literacy rates increased by ____% since 1970.
50%
Child mortality decreased by more than ____% in children less than 5.
50%
Infant mortality in 2011?
41.6/1,000
Access to antenatal care: ____% in developed countries.
65%
____% of children are immunized.
80%
Rural setting
75% have safe water
34% have adequate sanitation
Life expectancy is ____ years.
67.2 years
By ____, several infectious diseases will be eliminated or significantly reduced.
2025
Inf. Dis. such as polio, leprosy, hepatitis B
____% of people consume ____% of energy.
23%; 75%
____ women die from pregnancy and childbirth (2008).
343,000 women
Increase in diseases related to higher ____ lifestyle choices.
Socioeconomic (SES)
Is mental health illness a concern?
Yes
Global Statistics: HIV/AIDS
39 million people living with HIV/AIDS 2.1 million children 30 million deaths Young people account for 40% of all new adult cases 1st cause of death in Africa 4th cause of death worldwide
How many people were living in the US in 2010?
300 million people
US Statistics: median age; number of women vs men
Aging population, median age - 36.9
Number of women > number of men
US Statistics: People over 65
People over 65:
- -10% are poor
- -women and ethnic groups higher poverty
- -5% in nursing home
US Statistics: Population rates, ethnic mix
Population increasing most in West and South
~50% live in 41 metropolitan areas
Some stabilization in rural areas
Ethnic mix of US changing
US Statistics: Children under 18, parents, and grandparents
Children under 18:
- -2 parent households: 69%
- -1 parent households: 27%
- -neither parent: 4%
Most parents work outside of home
4 million live with grandparents
US Statistics: Pregnancy
Overall pregnancy rate decreasing Births to unmarried women: 33% Teen pregnancy decreased Pregnant teens choose to remain single Abortions decreased by one-third
US Statistics: Economics
Economic welfare of nation unstable
Median US income $50,054 (2011)
–decreasing
50% of poor are under 18 or over 65
–our most vulnerable populations
US Statistics: Poverty
Lack of health care to poor and medically indigent
744,000 homeless
Poverty rate 15.1% (2010)
1 in 7 Americans short of food (2010)
Health of our Nation: Life expectancy
up in 8 years in past 50 years
Males: 74.1 years
Females: 79.5 years
Whites tend to live longer than African Americans
Being born in a lower SES has been related to shorter life expectancy (seen through telomeres on chromosomes)
Health of our Nation: mortality and leading causes of death
Infant mortality decreased
Morbidity/mortality disparity in ethnic groups (asthma, diabetes, HIV, CVD, cancer)
Leading cause of death: CVD
2nd leading cause: cancers
Overall US heath ranked 30th
Health of our Nation: STDs
19 million new cases per year
Chlamydia rates increasing
–majority of cases seen in 15-19 year olds
Gonorrhea and syphilis rates stable
65 million in US live with incurable STD
–ex: HIV/AIDS and herpes
Need to deal with issue openly and honestly
Healthy People 2020
Science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans
Initiated in 1979
Updated every 10 years to focus on current needs to keep society healthy and live long lives
Overarching Goals of Healthy People 2020
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
Foundational Health Measures
General health status
–looking at life expectancy, prevalence of chronic diseases
Health-related quality of life and well-being
–looking at physical, emotional, mental, and social functioning of people in US
Determinants of health
–looking at what makes people healthy and others unhealthy
Disparities
–looking at race/ethnicity, sex, age, disability, SES, geographic location
Technological Advances
Diagnosis and treatment Information management Supplies and services Structural design Mass communication
Education Trends in US
Type of students
Curricular developments
Tuition increases
Part-time enrollment
Women’s Rights Movement
Changes for improvement slow
International support difficult to achieve
Glass ceiling remains:
- -women make 78 cents to every $1 made by men
- -African American women make 68 cents
- -Hispanic women make 60 cents
Labor and Industry
Decline in unions
Increased part-time positions
Increased legislation to promote basic employee guarantees
Commencement of nursing unions
Consumer Revolution
Public’s request to better services
Consumer activists
Increased self-care, health promotion, illness prevention
Patient Bill of Rights (President Clinton; didn’t pass through Congress)
Women’s Health Movement
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Trends in Healthcare
1983, Prospective Payment System (PPS)
–Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)
Hospitals expand outpatient settings
- -skilled nursing facilities
- -urgent care centers
- -surgicenters
- -home care services
Patient dumping
–EMTALA law in 1989
Use of helicopters Merging of hospitals Advertising Declining freedom of choice Universal access Joint commission Telehealth Electronic health records Individualized care based on genetics
Managed Care
Organizational structure between insurers and providers (HMO)
Primary care providers
Potential Problems:
–lack of full information shared
–limiting treatment options
–least expensive choices encouraged rather than best treatment options
Health (Medical) Home Model
Team used health care delivery model
Goal - maximize health outcomes
Potential outcomes
–improved access to care
–increased preventative care
–reduced errors and costs through coordinated care
–improved quality and patient satisfaction
Self-Care
self-monitoring self-assessment health promotion activities support groups internet
Alternative/Complementary Health Care
Over 40% of patients use alternative health care Over 45 billion dollars annually spent in US on alternative health care #1 reason why people use alternative health care: pain (looking for ways to manage it/treat it)
Herbal therapy Chiropractors Massage Acupuncture Homeopathy
Societal challenges for nurses
Aging population Poverty Cultural diversity Urbanization Environment Unhealthy lifestyles
Healthcare challenges for nurses
US rank on quality outcomes Lack of access to healthcare Economic instability Cost of healthcare Healthcare reform
Challenges for Nursing
Nursing shortage
Entry into practice
Autonomy
Increasing technology
Changing practice settings and patient population
Healthcare policy
–responsibility of ever registered professional nurse
