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Nursing 2000H > Exam #4: Future of Nursing > Flashcards

Exam #4: Future of Nursing Flashcards

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1
Q

In 2011, how many people were in the world?

A

6.9 billion

Up from 2.8 billion in 1955

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2
Q

Health of infants and children dependent on status of ___ in society.

A

Women

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3
Q

Do negative traditional practices, violence, and exploitation of girls continue?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Is family planning a personal right?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Food supply has doubled in the last ___ years.

A

40 years

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6
Q

Adult literacy rates increased by ____% since 1970.

A

50%

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7
Q

Child mortality decreased by more than ____% in children less than 5.

A

50%

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8
Q

Infant mortality in 2011?

A

41.6/1,000

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9
Q

Access to antenatal care: ____% in developed countries.

A

65%

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10
Q

____% of children are immunized.

A

80%

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11
Q

Rural setting

A

75% have safe water

34% have adequate sanitation

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12
Q

Life expectancy is ____ years.

A

67.2 years

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13
Q

By ____, several infectious diseases will be eliminated or significantly reduced.

A

2025

Inf. Dis. such as polio, leprosy, hepatitis B

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14
Q

____% of people consume ____% of energy.

A

23%; 75%

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15
Q

____ women die from pregnancy and childbirth (2008).

A

343,000 women

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16
Q

Increase in diseases related to higher ____ lifestyle choices.

A

Socioeconomic (SES)

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17
Q

Is mental health illness a concern?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Global Statistics: HIV/AIDS

A 
39 million people living with HIV/AIDS
2.1 million children
30 million deaths
Young people account for 40% of all new adult cases
1st cause of death in Africa
4th cause of death worldwide
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19
Q

How many people were living in the US in 2010?

A

300 million people

20
Q

US Statistics: median age; number of women vs men

A

Aging population, median age - 36.9

Number of women > number of men

21
Q

US Statistics: People over 65

A

People over 65:

  • -10% are poor
  • -women and ethnic groups higher poverty
  • -5% in nursing home
22
Q

US Statistics: Population rates, ethnic mix

A

Population increasing most in West and South
~50% live in 41 metropolitan areas
Some stabilization in rural areas
Ethnic mix of US changing

23
Q

US Statistics: Children under 18, parents, and grandparents

A

Children under 18:

  • -2 parent households: 69%
  • -1 parent households: 27%
  • -neither parent: 4%

Most parents work outside of home

4 million live with grandparents

24
Q

US Statistics: Pregnancy

A 
Overall pregnancy rate decreasing
Births to unmarried women: 33%
Teen pregnancy decreased
Pregnant teens choose to remain single
Abortions decreased by one-third
25
Q

US Statistics: Economics

A

Economic welfare of nation unstable

Median US income $50,054 (2011)
–decreasing

50% of poor are under 18 or over 65
–our most vulnerable populations

26
Q

US Statistics: Poverty

A

Lack of health care to poor and medically indigent

744,000 homeless

Poverty rate 15.1% (2010)

1 in 7 Americans short of food (2010)

27
Q

Health of our Nation: Life expectancy

A

up in 8 years in past 50 years

Males: 74.1 years
Females: 79.5 years

Whites tend to live longer than African Americans

Being born in a lower SES has been related to shorter life expectancy (seen through telomeres on chromosomes)

28
Q

Health of our Nation: mortality and leading causes of death

A

Infant mortality decreased

Morbidity/mortality disparity in ethnic groups (asthma, diabetes, HIV, CVD, cancer)

Leading cause of death: CVD

2nd leading cause: cancers

Overall US heath ranked 30th

29
Q

Health of our Nation: STDs

A

19 million new cases per year
Chlamydia rates increasing
–majority of cases seen in 15-19 year olds
Gonorrhea and syphilis rates stable
65 million in US live with incurable STD
–ex: HIV/AIDS and herpes
Need to deal with issue openly and honestly

30
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

Science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans

Initiated in 1979

Updated every 10 years to focus on current needs to keep society healthy and live long lives

31
Q

Overarching Goals of Healthy People 2020

A

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death

Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups

Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

32
Q

Foundational Health Measures

A

General health status
–looking at life expectancy, prevalence of chronic diseases

Health-related quality of life and well-being
–looking at physical, emotional, mental, and social functioning of people in US

Determinants of health
–looking at what makes people healthy and others unhealthy

Disparities
–looking at race/ethnicity, sex, age, disability, SES, geographic location

33
Q

Technological Advances

A 
Diagnosis and treatment
Information management
Supplies and services
Structural design
Mass communication
34
Q

Education Trends in US

A

Type of students
Curricular developments
Tuition increases
Part-time enrollment

35
Q

Women’s Rights Movement

A

Changes for improvement slow
International support difficult to achieve

Glass ceiling remains:

  • -women make 78 cents to every $1 made by men
  • -African American women make 68 cents
  • -Hispanic women make 60 cents
36
Q

Labor and Industry

A

Decline in unions
Increased part-time positions
Increased legislation to promote basic employee guarantees
Commencement of nursing unions

37
Q

Consumer Revolution

A

Public’s request to better services
Consumer activists
Increased self-care, health promotion, illness prevention
Patient Bill of Rights (President Clinton; didn’t pass through Congress)
Women’s Health Movement
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

38
Q

Trends in Healthcare

A

1983, Prospective Payment System (PPS)
–Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)

Hospitals expand outpatient settings

  • -skilled nursing facilities
  • -urgent care centers
  • -surgicenters
  • -home care services

Patient dumping
–EMTALA law in 1989

Use of helicopters
Merging of hospitals
Advertising
Declining freedom of choice
Universal access
Joint commission
Telehealth
Electronic health records
Individualized care based on genetics
39
Q

Managed Care

A

Organizational structure between insurers and providers (HMO)
Primary care providers
Potential Problems:
–lack of full information shared
–limiting treatment options
–least expensive choices encouraged rather than best treatment options

40
Q

Health (Medical) Home Model

A

Team used health care delivery model
Goal - maximize health outcomes
Potential outcomes
–improved access to care
–increased preventative care
–reduced errors and costs through coordinated care
–improved quality and patient satisfaction

41
Q

Self-Care

A 
self-monitoring
self-assessment
health promotion activities
support groups
internet
42
Q

Alternative/Complementary Health Care

A 
Over 40% of patients use alternative health care
Over 45 billion dollars annually spent in US on alternative health care
#1 reason why people use alternative health care: pain (looking for ways to manage it/treat it)
Herbal therapy
Chiropractors
Massage
Acupuncture
Homeopathy
43
Q

Societal challenges for nurses

A 
Aging population
Poverty
Cultural diversity
Urbanization
Environment
Unhealthy lifestyles
44
Q

Healthcare challenges for nurses

A 
US rank on quality outcomes
Lack of access to healthcare
Economic instability
Cost of healthcare
Healthcare reform
45
Q

Challenges for Nursing

A

Nursing shortage
Entry into practice
Autonomy
Increasing technology
Changing practice settings and patient population
Healthcare policy
–responsibility of ever registered professional nurse

Nursing 2000H (11 decks)

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