Exam #4: Future of Nursing Flashcards

Question

US Statistics: Economics

Answer 1

Economic welfare of nation unstable Median US income $50,054 (2011) --decreasing 50% of poor are under 18 or over 65 --our most vulnerable populations

Answer 2

Lack of health care to poor and medically indigent 744,000 homeless Poverty rate 15.1% (2010) 1 in 7 Americans short of food (2010)

Answer 3

up in 8 years in past 50 years Males: 74.1 years Females: 79.5 years Whites tend to live longer than African Americans Being born in a lower SES has been related to shorter life expectancy (seen through telomeres on chromosomes)

Answer 4

Infant mortality decreased Morbidity/mortality disparity in ethnic groups (asthma, diabetes, HIV, CVD, cancer) Leading cause of death: CVD 2nd leading cause: cancers Overall US heath ranked 30th

Answer 5

19 million new cases per year Chlamydia rates increasing --majority of cases seen in 15-19 year olds Gonorrhea and syphilis rates stable 65 million in US live with incurable STD --ex: HIV/AIDS and herpes Need to deal with issue openly and honestly

Answer 6

Science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans Initiated in 1979 Updated every 10 years to focus on current needs to keep society healthy and live long lives

Answer 7

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

Answer 8

General health status --looking at life expectancy, prevalence of chronic diseases Health-related quality of life and well-being --looking at physical, emotional, mental, and social functioning of people in US Determinants of health --looking at what makes people healthy and others unhealthy Disparities --looking at race/ethnicity, sex, age, disability, SES, geographic location

Answer 9

``` Diagnosis and treatment Information management Supplies and services Structural design Mass communication ```

Answer 10

Type of students Curricular developments Tuition increases Part-time enrollment

Answer 11

Changes for improvement slow International support difficult to achieve Glass ceiling remains: - -women make 78 cents to every $1 made by men - -African American women make 68 cents - -Hispanic women make 60 cents

Answer 12

Decline in unions Increased part-time positions Increased legislation to promote basic employee guarantees Commencement of nursing unions

Answer 13

Public's request to better services Consumer activists Increased self-care, health promotion, illness prevention Patient Bill of Rights (President Clinton; didn't pass through Congress) Women's Health Movement Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Answer 14

1983, Prospective Payment System (PPS) --Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs) Hospitals expand outpatient settings - -skilled nursing facilities - -urgent care centers - -surgicenters - -home care services Patient dumping --EMTALA law in 1989 ``` Use of helicopters Merging of hospitals Advertising Declining freedom of choice Universal access Joint commission Telehealth Electronic health records Individualized care based on genetics ```

Answer 15

Organizational structure between insurers and providers (HMO) Primary care providers Potential Problems: --lack of full information shared --limiting treatment options --least expensive choices encouraged rather than best treatment options

Answer 16

Team used health care delivery model Goal - maximize health outcomes Potential outcomes --improved access to care --increased preventative care --reduced errors and costs through coordinated care --improved quality and patient satisfaction

Answer 17

``` self-monitoring self-assessment health promotion activities support groups internet ```

Answer 18

``` Over 40% of patients use alternative health care Over 45 billion dollars annually spent in US on alternative health care #1 reason why people use alternative health care: pain (looking for ways to manage it/treat it) ``` ``` Herbal therapy Chiropractors Massage Acupuncture Homeopathy ```

Answer 19

``` Aging population Poverty Cultural diversity Urbanization Environment Unhealthy lifestyles ```

Answer 20

``` US rank on quality outcomes Lack of access to healthcare Economic instability Cost of healthcare Healthcare reform ```

Answer 21

Nursing shortage Entry into practice Autonomy Increasing technology Changing practice settings and patient population Healthcare policy --responsibility of ever registered professional nurse