Exam #3: Theory and Research

Question 1

Define theory

Answer 1

Nursing theory is “a group of related concepts, definitions, and statements the describe a certain view of nursing phenomena (observable occurrences) from which to describe, explain, or predict outcomes”

Question 2

Purpose of Theories (4)

Answer 2

Provides a framework on which to build new nursing knowledge
Assists with reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making
Helps guide practice to produce quality outcomes
Nursing needs to be evidence based from research

Question 3

Types of Theories in Nursing

Answer 3

Grand Theory

Mid-Range Theory

Question 4

Grand Theory

Answer 4

most comprehensive, applying to the entire domain of nursing

Question 5

Mid-range Theory

Answer 5

narrower focus, more concrete, targets specific practice questions

Question 6

Metaparadigm of Nursing

Answer 6

Major components of Grand Nursing Theories:

• -person
• -health
• -environment
• -nursing

Question 7

Nursing Theorists

Answer 7

Dorothea Orem
Martha Rogers
Sister Callista Roy
Jean Watson

Question 8

Dorothea Orem

Answer 8

Self-Care Model:

• -comprised of 3 different theories
• -people have a need to maintain self-care and when unable, nursing can come in and assist

Question 9

Martha Rogers

Answer 9

Unitary Human Being:
–a person is a unified energy field continually interacting with the environment and the nurse can balance the energy between the environment and man

Question 10

Sister Callista Roy

Answer 10

Adaptation Model:
–people are an adaptive system adapting to behavior, nursing can assist person adapt and bring health back to full benefit

Question 11

Jean Watson

Answer 11

Human Caring:

–caring is a universal-social care and the nursing provides caring through humanistic actions

Question 12

Mid-Range Nursing Theories

Answer 12

More testable than Grand Theory
Health promotion
Uncertainty
Quality of nursing care
Hardiness
Pain management
Family care-giving

Question 13

Classifying the Sciences

Answer 13

Pure

Applied

Question 14

Pure Science

Answer 14

Formal (mathematics, logic)
Natural (physics, chemistry, biology, physiology)
Psychosocial (psychology, sociology, economics)

Question 15

Applied Sciences

Answer 15

Engineering
Aeronautics
Medicine
Agriculture
Nursing

Question 16

Nursing Science

Answer 16

A coherent body of knowledge composed of research findings and tested theories systematically developed for the discipline of nursing

Question 17

Differentiating Science and Research

Answer 17

Science is a product (i.e.: a discrete body of knowledge)

Research is a process and the tool by which science is created

Question 18

Classifying Research

Answer 18

Pure Science Research
Applied Science Research
Translational Research

Question 19

Pure Science Research

Answer 19

Work done in the pursuit of new knowledge

No ideas in mind when starting research; may be testing existing theory or trying a new technique

Question 20

Applied Science Research

Answer 20

Creating new knowledge for a specific purpose

New inventions and new processes, medical research geared towards the development of new drugs, instrumentation

Question 21

Translational Research

Answer 21

Takes applied research findings to the healthcare setting

Gives us evidence-based practice nursing that is necessary to promote quality outcomes for patients

Question 22

Types of Research Methods

Answer 22

Quantitative

Qualitative

Question 23

Quantitative Research

Answer 23

A formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world
–deals with numbers; data you can collect

Question 24

Qualitative Research

Answer 24

Systematic interactive, subjective approach to describe life experiences and give them meaning
–subjective experiences; what patient tells you (their feelings and descriptions)

Question 25

The Research Process - Conceptual Phase

Answer 25

1. Defining and delimiting the problem 2. Reviewing the literature 3. Develop the theoretical framework 4. Formulating the research hypothesis or question

Question 26

The Research Process - Design and Planning Phase

Answer 26

1. Research design: experimental or non-experimental 2. Identifying the population to be studied and sampling plan: how will you access the patients in your study? 3. Specifying data collection methods: who, what, when, where, how; reliability and validity 4. Funding and Permission: NINR under NIH provides research dollars for research; IRB 5. Pilot Study: testing procedures, measures

Question 27

The Research Process - Empirical Phase

Answer 27

1. Collecting the data: quality, accuracy, ethical issues | 2. Preparing data for analysis: storage of data (confidentiality), coding, accuracy

Question 28

The Research Process - Analytic Phase

Answer 28

1. Analyzing the data: statistical consultants 2. Interpreting results: critical review of work, relating findings to theory, confirmation or rebuttal of existing literature; conclusions and implications for future research, education, and practice

Question 29

The Research Process - Dissemination Phase

Answer 29

1. Communicating Findings: conferences, journals, books, media 2. Utilizing findings: changing practice

Question 30

Translational Research Process

Answer 30

1. Defining the question 2. Collecting evidence to answer question 3. Formal evaluation of evidence gathered 4. Choosing a solution 5. Integration of evidence into practice setting 6. Evaluation of process

Question 31

Levels of Evidence

Answer 31

Levels 1-7 Research is a part of every professional registered nurse's role

Question 32

Level 1

Answer 32

Ideas, editorials, letters, and opinion papers

Question 33

Level 2

Answer 33

case reports, case studies and reports of unusual happenings

Question 34

Level 3

Answer 34

information based on laboratory studies

Question 35

Level 4

Answer 35

information based on animal studies

Question 36

Level 5

Answer 36

small short studies involving human subjects (pilot studies)

Question 37

Level 6

Answer 37

studies involving human subjects with increasing levels of complexity, scope, and rigor (systematic research reviews, research-based protocols, and clinical practice guidelines)

Question 38

Level 7

Answer 38

``` clinical trials (gold-standard) Level 7 is the highest level!! ```

Question 39

What are the major components of grand nursing theories?

Answer 39

Person Health Environment Nursing

Question 40

What phase of research involves collecting data and preparing data for analysis?

Answer 40

Empirical Phase

Question 41

What is part of every professional RN's role?

Answer 41

Research