Exam #3: Theory and Research Flashcards
Define theory
Nursing theory is “a group of related concepts, definitions, and statements the describe a certain view of nursing phenomena (observable occurrences) from which to describe, explain, or predict outcomes”
Purpose of Theories (4)
Provides a framework on which to build new nursing knowledge
Assists with reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making
Helps guide practice to produce quality outcomes
Nursing needs to be evidence based from research
Types of Theories in Nursing
Grand Theory
Mid-Range Theory
Grand Theory
most comprehensive, applying to the entire domain of nursing
Mid-range Theory
narrower focus, more concrete, targets specific practice questions
Metaparadigm of Nursing
Major components of Grand Nursing Theories:
- -person
- -health
- -environment
- -nursing
Nursing Theorists
Dorothea Orem
Martha Rogers
Sister Callista Roy
Jean Watson
Dorothea Orem
Self-Care Model:
- -comprised of 3 different theories
- -people have a need to maintain self-care and when unable, nursing can come in and assist
Martha Rogers
Unitary Human Being:
–a person is a unified energy field continually interacting with the environment and the nurse can balance the energy between the environment and man
Sister Callista Roy
Adaptation Model:
–people are an adaptive system adapting to behavior, nursing can assist person adapt and bring health back to full benefit
Jean Watson
Human Caring:
–caring is a universal-social care and the nursing provides caring through humanistic actions
Mid-Range Nursing Theories
More testable than Grand Theory Health promotion Uncertainty Quality of nursing care Hardiness Pain management Family care-giving
Classifying the Sciences
Pure
Applied
Pure Science
Formal (mathematics, logic)
Natural (physics, chemistry, biology, physiology)
Psychosocial (psychology, sociology, economics)
Applied Sciences
Engineering Aeronautics Medicine Agriculture Nursing
Nursing Science
A coherent body of knowledge composed of research findings and tested theories systematically developed for the discipline of nursing
Differentiating Science and Research
Science is a product (i.e.: a discrete body of knowledge)
Research is a process and the tool by which science is created
Classifying Research
Pure Science Research
Applied Science Research
Translational Research
Pure Science Research
Work done in the pursuit of new knowledge
No ideas in mind when starting research; may be testing existing theory or trying a new technique
Applied Science Research
Creating new knowledge for a specific purpose
New inventions and new processes, medical research geared towards the development of new drugs, instrumentation
Translational Research
Takes applied research findings to the healthcare setting
Gives us evidence-based practice nursing that is necessary to promote quality outcomes for patients
Types of Research Methods
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative Research
A formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world
–deals with numbers; data you can collect
Qualitative Research
Systematic interactive, subjective approach to describe life experiences and give them meaning
–subjective experiences; what patient tells you (their feelings and descriptions)
The Research Process - Conceptual Phase
- Defining and delimiting the problem
- Reviewing the literature
- Develop the theoretical framework
- Formulating the research hypothesis or question
The Research Process - Design and Planning Phase
- Research design: experimental or non-experimental
- Identifying the population to be studied and sampling plan: how will you access the patients in your study?
- Specifying data collection methods: who, what, when, where, how; reliability and validity
- Funding and Permission: NINR under NIH provides research dollars for research; IRB
- Pilot Study: testing procedures, measures
The Research Process - Empirical Phase
- Collecting the data: quality, accuracy, ethical issues
2. Preparing data for analysis: storage of data (confidentiality), coding, accuracy
The Research Process - Analytic Phase
- Analyzing the data: statistical consultants
- Interpreting results: critical review of work, relating findings to theory, confirmation or rebuttal of existing literature; conclusions and implications for future research, education, and practice
The Research Process - Dissemination Phase
- Communicating Findings: conferences, journals, books, media
- Utilizing findings: changing practice
Translational Research Process
- Defining the question
- Collecting evidence to answer question
- Formal evaluation of evidence gathered
- Choosing a solution
- Integration of evidence into practice setting
- Evaluation of process
Levels of Evidence
Levels 1-7
Research is a part of every professional registered nurse’s role
Level 1
Ideas, editorials, letters, and opinion papers
Level 2
case reports, case studies and reports of unusual happenings
Level 3
information based on laboratory studies
Level 4
information based on animal studies
Level 5
small short studies involving human subjects (pilot studies)
Level 6
studies involving human subjects with increasing levels of complexity, scope, and rigor (systematic research reviews, research-based protocols, and clinical practice guidelines)
Level 7
clinical trials (gold-standard) Level 7 is the highest level!!
What are the major components of grand nursing theories?
Person
Health
Environment
Nursing
What phase of research involves collecting data and preparing data for analysis?
Empirical Phase
What is part of every professional RN’s role?
Research
