Exam 4: Chapter 8 Flashcards
Understand the two basic methods for producing alcohol (i.e. fermentation and distillation)
- Fermentation
- Yeast consumes carbohydrates and converts them to alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Distillation
- Separating the alcohol out of the product
How many calories are in alcohol?
Contains 7 kcal/g
Know the alcohol content in different drinks
- Standard drink provides 15 g of alcohol
- 12 oz. beer
- 10 oz. wine cooler
- 5 oz. wine
- 1.5 oz. of hard liquor
Alchohol moderate intake
o≤ 1 drink a day for women
o≤ 2 drink a day for men
How is alcohol absorbed?
- Alcohol is absorbed throughout the GI tract by simple diffusion
- 20% in stomach
- 80% in duodenum and jejunum
- Readily dispersed throughout the body
- Damages cell proteins
What are the major pathways for alcohol metabolism and where are they located?
- Low to moderate intakes
- Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
- Moderate to excessive intakes
- Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
- Drugs and foreign substances
- Catalase pathway
- Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
- 2-10% is excreted unmetabolized
- lungs, urine, sweat
Factors affecting alcohol metabolism:
- Ethnicity, gender ,and age
- Alcoholic content, amount consumed, individual’s usual intake
Rate of alcohol metabolism
Average 5-7g/hour (½ drink)
What are the potential health benefits of drinking alcohol?
- Self-reported reduced anxiety and stress
- Appetite stimulant in elderly
- Cardiovascular benefits
- Type 2 diabetes and dementia?
Risks of Excessive Alcohol Intake
- Alcohol affects many organs and systems
- Accidents
- Brain, heart damage, high blood pressure
- Cancer: oral cavity, trachea, larynx and throat, colorectal, breast
- Cirrhosis of the Liver
Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Nutritional Status
- Protein-energy malnutrition
- Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies
- Thiamin, niacin, B-6, B-12, and folate
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies
- Due to impaired vile and pancreatic enzyme secretion
- Minerals
- Calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
- Most severe damage occurs in the first 12-16 weeks of pregnancy
- Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- Breastfeeding
- Alcohol does pass through breast milk
- It decreases breast milk production
What factors can affect susceptibility to alcoholism?
oGenetic influences
oEffect of gender
oAge of onset of drinking
oEthnicity
oMental health
Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism:
- Determining whether a problem exists (CAGE)
- 75% of people with alcohol problems do not seek treatment
- Recovery from alcoholism
- Behavioral therapy and medication
- Total abstinence
- Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Determining whether a problem with alcohol intake exists:
CAGE method
- C: Have you ever felt ou ought to cut down on drinking?
- A: Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
- G: Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?
- E: Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning (an eye opener) to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover?
