Exam 3: Chapter 13 Flashcards
What vitamins are considered water-soluble?
- B-vitamins
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Pantothenic acid
- Biotin
- Vitamin B-6
- Folate
- Vitamin B-12
- Vitamin C
- Choline*
Generally speaking, is the risk of toxicity from water-soluble vitamins high or low?
- Generally low
- Risk of toxicity less than fat-soluble
What cooking methods are best to keep vitamins in foods?

Why do we enrich food and what vitamins and minerals are added to foods for enrichment?
Grains are important source of B-Vitamins, but during milling the germ, bran and husk layers are removed leaving the starchy endosperm
To counteract nutrient loss from milling, nearly all bread and cereal products are enriched with 4 B-vitamins:
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Folic Acid
- Iron (a mineral)
When did enrichment begin and why?
Enrichment began in the 1940’s to protect against deficiency diseases.
Thiamin (B1) Deficiency
- Beriberi
- Sinhalese (I can’t, I can’t)
- Impairs
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Two types—wet and dry
- Congestive heart failure
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Alcohol
- 1) decrease absorption
- 2) increases excretion
- 3) poor diet
- Alcohol
Thiamin Toxicity
No UL
Riboflavin (B2) Toxicity
No UL
Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency
Ariboflavinosis

Niacin (B3) Toxicity
- UL: 35 mg
- applies only to supplements and fortification
Niacin (B3) Deficiency
- Pellagra
- 4 D’s
- Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia– if not treated
- Death

Pantothenic Acid Toxicity
•No UL—no known toxicity
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
Very rare
Biotin Toxicity
No UL
Biotin Deficiency
- Biotinase enzyme deficiency
- Excessive consumption of raw eggs (avidin)
Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) Toxicity
- UL: 100mg
- Irreversible nerve damage
Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) Deficiency
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Folate Toxicity
- UL: 1 mg—synthetic folic acid
- May mask B-12 deficiency
Folate Deficiency
- Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia
- Neural Tube Defects
- Maternal deficiency of folate plus genetic predisposition
- All women capable of getting pregnant urged to take in 400 micrograms of folic acid
- Current fortification yields about 200 micrograms of folic acid daily

Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) Toxicity
No UL
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) Deficiency
-
Pernicious Anemia
- Inadequate production of the intrinsic factor
- Macrocytic Anemia (megaloblastic anemia)
-
Neurological changes
- Sensroy disturbances in the legs (burning, tingling, numbness)
- Loss of concentration and memory
- Disorientation and dememtia
-
Elevated plasma Homocysteine concentrations
- Lead to heart attacks and strokes
Vitamin C Toxicity
UL: 2 g
Vitamin C Deficiency
- Scurvy
- Cancer and heart disease
Why do smokers need additional Vitamin C? How much more do they need?
Smokers need several times more vitamin C than non-smokers because the effectiveness of that vitamin is decreased by nicotine.
Smokers need an additional 35 mg/day.










