Exam 4: Chapter 16

Question 1

Understand the nutrient needs of pregnant women (i.e. what are the calorie needs for a pregnant woman in the first, second and third trimester?)

Answer 1

Extra 350kcal in second, and 450kcal in third trimester

Question 2

How much weight should a pregnant woman gain if she is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese pre-pregnancy?

Answer 2

Question 3

Understand definitions for low birth weight, preterm and small for gestational age

Answer 3

• Favorable pregnancy outcome
  
  • Full-term (>37 wks) and infant weighing > 5.5 lbs, usually 7.5lbs
• Pre-term (born before 37 wks)
  
  • Low birth weight (<5.5 lbs or 2500 grams)
  • Medical and nutritional problems
• Small for gestational age
  
  • Weighing less than expected for gestational age
  • A full-term infant weighing less than 5.5 lbs. at birth is considered small for gestational age

Question 4

Understand nutrition-related physiological changes of concern during pregnancy (i.e. heartburn, constipation, nausea, vomiting etc.)

Answer 4

• Heartburn: uterus crowds abdominal organs, stomach acid may be pushed upwards
• Constipation: hormones slow digestion to permit increased nutrient absorption, leads to more water absorbed too
• Nausea and Vomiting
• “morning” sickness
• Hyperemesis gravidarium
• Edema: Extra fluid in body tissues

Question 5

Understand and know what hormones are involved in milk production

Answer 5

Prolactin (anterior pituitary): milk production

Oxytocin (posterior pituitary): milk let down

Question 6

Understand what factors affect lactation

Answer 6

• Maternal weight
• Maternal age
• Maternal eating patterns
• Maternal and infant health
• Sociocultural factors
• Maternal food supply
• Maternal lifestyle choices

Question 7

Understand Figure 16.4 in your textbook (page 575). What organs/tissues develop during the first, second and third trimester?

Answer 7

Most development occurs in the first trimester.

Question 8

What compounds can be secreted into human milk?

Answer 8

• alcohol
• drugs
• herbal and botanical products
• nicotine
• caffeine

Question 9

Definitions of conception, zygote, embryo, and fetus

Answer 9

• Conception: Where the first stage of gestation begins, when a sperm unites with an egg (ovum)
• Zygote: The fertilized egg (ovum + sperm)
• Embryo: A mature zygote
• Fetus: After the 8th week until birth, the developing offspring is known as a fetus

Question 10

What are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm?

Answer 10

• Ectoderm-Develops into the skin, nervous system, and the sensory organs
• Mesoderm-Provides the cells targeted to become the skeleton, muscles, heart and blood vessels
• Endoderm-Develops into the digestive system, liver, and pancreas

Question 11

Nutrients needed for building new cells:

Answer 11

• Protein
• Essential fatty acids; DHA
• Zinc
• Folate and Vitamin B-12
• Iron

Question 12

Diseases affecting pregnancy outcome

Answer 12

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Pregnancy-induced Hypertension
  
  • Preeclampsia to eclampsia: (high blood pressure accompanied by protein in the urine, headaches, blurred vision, changes in blood clotting, and edema. Can progess to eclampsia, which causes maternal convulsions and coma)
• Diabetes Mellitus
  
  • Gestational diabetes

Question 13

Milk types and composition

Answer 13

• Colostrum
  
  • Lactobacillus bifidus factor
• Transitional
• Mature

Question 14

Nutrient needs of breastfeeding women

Answer 14

• Maternal nutritional status
• Water
  
  • Extra 32 ounces of fluid/d
• Calories
  
  • Increase daily intake 400-500 calories
  • Some energy supplied by pregnancy fat stores