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Nutrition (FSCN 1112) > Exam 2: Chapter 9, Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 9, Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Pathways that build compounds

A

anabolic

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2
Q

pathways that break down compounds

A

catabolic

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3
Q

What is the difference between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism?

A

Metabolism can be described as a summation of both anabolism and catabolism.

  • Metabolic Pathway
    • A group of biochemical reactions that occur in progression from beginning to end
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4
Q
  1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Body’s source of…
  2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP): What results from…
  3. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP): Results from hydrolysis…
A
  1. Body’s source of energy derived from catabolic reactions of macronutrients
  2. What results from cells’ breakdown of a high phosphate bond in ATP
  3. Results from hydrolysis of ADP when ATP levels in cell are low
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5
Q

Stages of Catabolism

A
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6
Q

Structure of ATP

A
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7
Q

ATP synthesis depends on transfer of electrons in a series of reactions from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen

  • Oxidation-reduction reactions occur together
    • Oxidized substance:
    • Reduced substance:
  • Role of coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+
A

Oxidized substance: Loses electron(s); gains oxygen/loses hydrogen

Reduced substance: Gains electron(s); loses oxygen/gains hydrogen

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8
Q

Oxidizes food molecules to obtain energy

A

Cellular respiration

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9
Q

Net gain 30-32 ATP

A

Aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule

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10
Q

Net gain 2 ATP

A

Anaerobic respiration of one glucose molecule

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11
Q

Steps of Aerobic cellular respiration of glucose:

1.Glycolysis: Glucose is…

2.Transition reaction: Pyruvate is…

3.Citric Acid Cycle (CAC): Acetyl-CoA enters…

4.Electron Transport Chain: NADH+, H+, FADH2 are…

A
  1. Glycolysis: Glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, producing NADH +H+
  2. Transition Reaction: Pyruvate is oxidized and joined with CoA, producing acetyl-CoA and NADH +H+
  3. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC): Acetyl-CoA enters cycle producing NADH +H+, FADH2 and ATP; CO2 also produced
  4. Electron Transport Chain: NADH + H+, FADH2 are oxidized to NAD+ and FAD
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12
Q

Electron Transport Chain:

  • Passage of electrons along a series of electron carriers
  • Process called ; how energy is derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2
  • Minerals involved:
A
  1. oxidative phosphorylation
    • Copper: component of an enzyme
    • Iron: component of cytochromes
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13
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism:

  • Occurs in cells with no mitochondria or in all cells when there is no oxygen
    • *
A
  1. Pyruvate is converted to lactate
  2. Lactate is picked up by the liver
  3. Liver synthesizes compounds used in aerobic metabolism from lactate
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14
Q

ATP production from fats:

Lipolysis

  • Tryglycerides broken down into
A

Triglycerides broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

ATP production from fats:

Fatty Acid Oxidation (beta-oxidation):

  • takes place in the
  • shuttles fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria
  • Promoted by , , and
  • Yields , and , resulting in about ATP
A
  • Takes place in mitochondria
  • Carnitine shuttles fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria
  • Promoted by glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine
  • Yields acetyl-CoA and NADH + H+ resulting in about 106 ATP
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16
Q

Where does ATP production of fats occur?

A
17
Q

Alternate Fat Metabolism: Ketogenesis

  • Carbohydrates aid fat metabolism
  1. Ketogenesis:
  2. Ketosis:
A
  1. Ketogenesis: Ketone bodies formed by incomplete fatty acid oxidation
  2. Ketosis:
    1. ​in Type 1 Diabetes
    2. in Semistarvation or Fasting
18
Q

Protein metabolism:

  • Deamination
    • Loss of:
    • Requires:
    • Carbon skeleton:
A
  • Loss of the amino group from and amino acid
  • Requires Vitamin B-6
  • Carbon skeleton is left to enter CAC
19
Q

Protein metabolism:

  • Glucogenic Amino Acids
    • Can form:
A

Can form pyruvate and become glucose

20
Q

Protein metabolism:

  • Ketogenic Amino Acids
    • Forms…
A

Forms acetyl CoA and cannot become glucose

21
Q

Protein Metabolism:

  • Gluconeogenesis
    • Forming glucose from…
    • Typical fatty acids cannot…
A
  • Forming glucose from glucogenic amino acids (e.g. alanine) and other compounds
  • Typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose, although glycerol can
22
Q

Protein Metabolism:

  • Disposal of Excess Amino Groups:
    • Converted to…
    • Urea exreted…
A
  • Converted to ammonia; then urea cycle
  • Urea excreted in the urine
23
Q

Alcohol Metabolism:

  • ADH Pathway
    • where does it occur?
    • alcohol converted…
    • acetaldehyde converted to…
A
  • 10-30% in stomach and the rest in liver
  • Alcohol converted to acetaldehyde
  • Acetaldehyde converted to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH + H+
24
Q

Alcohol Metabolism:

  • MEOS:
    • moderate to…
    • uses…
A
  • Moderate to excessive alcohol
  • Uses energy rather than producing energy
25
Q

Regulation of energy metabolism:

1.

2.

3.

A
  1. Liver
    1. Nutrient interconversions and storage
  2. ATP Concentrations regulate metabolism
    1. High ATP promote anabolic reactions
    2. High ADP stimulate catabolic reactions
  3. Enzymes, Hormones, Vitamins and Minerals
26
Q

What happens where:

Glycolysis (glucose → pyruvate)

A

cytosol

27
Q

What happens where:

Transition reaction (pyruvate → acetyl-CoA)

A

mitochondria

28
Q

What happens where:

Citric acid cycle (acetyl-CoA → CO2)

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

What happens where:

Gluconeogenesis

A

Begins in the mitochondria, then moves to the cytosol

30
Q

What happens where:

Beta oxidation (fatty acid → acetyl-coA)

A

Mitochondria

31
Q

What happens where:

Glucogenic amino acid oxidation (amino acids → pyruvate)

A

Cytosol

32
Q

What happens where:

Non-glucogenic amino acid oxidation (amino acids → acetyl-CoA)

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

What happens where:

Alcohol oxidation (ethanol → acetylaldehyde) (acetylaldehyde → acetyl-CoA)

A

cytosol

mitochondria

34
Q

Just kinda know this chart…

A
35
Q

Fasting encourages:

A
  • Glycogen breakdown
  • Body fat and protein breakdown
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Ketogenesis
  • Urea synthesis
36
Q

Feasting encourages:

A
  • Glycogen synthesis
  • Body fat synthesis (lipogenesis)
  • Protein synthesis
37
Q
A
38
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism

A
  • Newborn screening
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
    • Unable to metabolize phenylalanine
  • Galactosemia
    • Unable to metabolize galactose
  • Glycogen Storage Disease
    • Inability to convert glycogen to glucose

Nutrition (FSCN 1112) (17 decks)

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