Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 4 - Chapter 27 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 27 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the male reproductive system

A

Produce, maintain, transport, and nourish sperm and semen

To discharge sperm within the female productive tract

To produce and secrete male sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the female reproductive system

A

Produce, maintain, transport, and nourish ova to be fertilized

To provide the space and conditions for fertilized egg to develop into a baby

To produce and secrete female sex hormones

To give birth and breastfeed after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the essential/accessory organs of the male reproductive system

A

Testes, penis, scrotum, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, urethra, and accessory sex glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Testes

A

Paired, oval, sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scrotum

Testes are partially covered by the tunica vaginalis

Internal to the tunica vaginalis is a connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea that extends inward to form septa that create compartments

Seminiferous tubules carry sperm produced within them (spermatogensis - maturation of sperm cells) out of the testes

Sperm is delivered into the body via epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Penis

A

Contains the urethra and is a passageway for semen and urine

Composed of 3 cylindrical masses - 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes

Internally, separated into 2 compartments by the dartos muscle and a subcutaneous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm mature in the epididymis and degenerated sperm are reabsorbed

Propels sperm into the ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

Exits the tail of the epididymis and ascends through the spermatic cord into the pelvis - it loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urethra

A

Both semen and urine pass through the urethra

Passes through the prostate gland, deep muscle of the perineum, and the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

Seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Seminal glands

A

Secrete an alkaline

Viscous fluid containing fructose

Prostaglandins and clotting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prostate glands

A

Single, donut-shaped gland that secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminal plasmin

Also facilitates locomotion of sperm cells

Prostatic secretions can affect ability of sperm cells to move and penetrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

A

Secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine and mucus for lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Semen

A

A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid (secretions from accessory glands)

Volume of an average ejaculate is 2.5-5mL with 50-150 million sperm/mL

pH = 7.2-7.7

Contains seminal fluid which may contain immune an glandular cells, salts, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids, mucus, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones, proteins and microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structure of sperm

A

Has a head, neck, middle piece, and tail

Head contains nucleus with 23 chromosomes (the acrosome covers the head and contains enzymes to help with penetration)

Neck contains centrioles that form the microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

Middle piece contains mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of the sperm

Tail is made of principal piece and end piece is used for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Composition and function of seminal fluid

A

Composition - viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins

It functions to keep sperm cells viable and it’s capable of fertilizing eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spermatogenesis begins with _____ (diploid stem cells) that differentiate into _____

A

spermatogonia; diploid primary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sperm goes through the ducts to get to the exterior through…

A

Epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discuss the system of ducts in the male reproductive system

A

Sperm and fluid travel from the seminiferous tubules to straight tubules and then to a network of ducts, the rete testis

Efferent ducts carry the sperm to the epididymis (sperm mature in the epididymis and degenerated sperm are reabsorbed; the epididymis propels sperm into the ductus (vas) deferens)

The ductus (vas) deferens exits the tail of the epididymis and ascend through the spermatic cord into the pelvis

Then, it loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

The spermatic cord ascends out of the scrotum and contains the ductus deferens, testicular artery, veins draining the testes, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscles

The ejaculatory ducts arise from the junction of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

The urethra is the duct shared by the reproductive and urinary system (both semen and urine pass through the urethra; the urethra passes through the prostate gland (prostatic urethra), deep muscles of the perineum (intermediate or membranous urethra), and the penis (spongy urethra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Interstitial endocrine cells of the testes to produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates sperm production in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Role of testosterone in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Androgen-binding proteins (ABP) keeps the concentration of testosterone near the spermatogenic cells high, which stimulates spermatogensis

As puberty ensues, testosterone not only promotes spermatogenesis but also has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body

It targets accessory reproductive organs - ducts, glands, and the penis - causing them to grow to adult size and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens when testosterone is deficient/absent?

A

It is the basis of the male sex drive and normal levels maintain the organs present in the system/boosts basal metabolic rate and influences behavior.

So when the hormone is deficient or absent, all accessory organs atrophy, and semen volume declines erection/ejaculation are impaired which affects the factors listed above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Role of inhibin in the regulation of the male reproductive system

A

Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary, and also inhibits spermatogenesis

Levels of inhibin are proportional to sperm counts in males so the higher the sperm count, the higher the level of inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the divisions of the female reproductive system

A

Internal genitalia and external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What organs make up the internal genitalia?

A

Located in pelvic cavity (ovaries + duct system)

Ovaries, uterus, uterine (fallopian tube), and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What organs make up the external genitalia?

A

External sex organs

Clitoris, labium minus, and labium majus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Generalized function of the ovaries

A

The female gonads produce female gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones estrogen (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) and progesterone

29
Q

Generalized function of the uterus

A

Hollow, thick-walled muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum

Also part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube

30
Q

Generalized function of the uterine (fallopian) tube

A

Form the initial part of the female duct system

Receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization generally occurs

31
Q

Generalized function of the vagina

A

Provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow

Because it receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse, it is the female organ of copulation

32
Q

Generalized function of the clitoris

A

Essential to female sexual function

33
Q

Generalized function of the labium minus/majus

A

Protective structure

34
Q

What ligaments support the ovaries?

A

The broad, ovarian, and suspensory ligament

35
Q

Broad ligament of ovary

A

Peritoneal fold that tense over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Encloses the ovarian ligaments

36
Q

Ovarian ligament of ovary

A

Anchors the ovary medically to the uterus

37
Q

Suspensory ligament of ovary

A

Anchors it laterally to the pelvic wall

38
Q

What does the ovary consist of?

A

Ovarian follicles, germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, and ovarian medulla

39
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Saclike structures embedded in the highly vascular connective tissue of the ovary cortex

Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an occyte

40
Q

Germinal epithelium of ovary

A

Covers the surface of the ovary

41
Q

Tunica albuginea of ovary

A

Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium

42
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Below the tunica albuginea and consists of (mature) ovarian follicles and stromal cells

43
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

44
Q

What does ovaries produce?

A

Gametes (mature into ova) and hormones (progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin)

45
Q

Uterine tubes

A

Females have two uterine tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovary

The tubes are the pathway for the sperm to reach the ovum and for the secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to travel to the uterus

46
Q

Infundibulum in the uterine

A

Funnel shaped region that is the opening (the end) of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity

The margin of the infundibulum is surrounded by ciliated, finger-like projections called fimbriae that project from it

47
Q

Ampulla in the uterine

A

Widest portion of the tube

Forms half of the uterine tube and is the site where fertilization usually occurs

48
Q

Isthmus of uterine

A

Forms the narrow medial third of the uterine tube

Empties into the superolateral region of the uterus

49
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine?

A

Mucosa (inner lining) - the simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa

Muscularis (smooth muscle)

Serosa

50
Q

Role of peg cells in uterine

A

Secrete a fluid providing nourishment for the ovum

51
Q

Uterus

A

Top of the uterus is the fundus

Central portion is the body

Inferior extension into the vagina is the cervix (the cavity of the cervix, called the cervical canal, empties into the vagina)

The isthmus is between the body and cervix

52
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium (serosa) is the incomplete outermost layer

Myometrium is the bulky middle layer, consisting of three layers of smooth muscle (the myometrium contracts rhythmically during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother’s body)

Endometrium is the mucosa that lines the uterine cavity (inner layer)

53
Q

Functional layer of the uterus

A

Stratum functionalis layer is shed each month during menstruation

54
Q

Basal layer of the uterus

A

Stratum basalis layer is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

55
Q

The ovarian cycle includes…

A

FSH and LH

56
Q

The uterine cycle includes…

A

Menstruation

57
Q

Female reproductive cycle

A

Ranges from about 24-36 days

Divided into four phases

58
Q

Four phases of the female reproductive cycle

A

Menstruation

Preovulatory (proliferative phase)

Ovulation

Postovulatory (secretory phase)

59
Q

Menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis - layer of endometrium that is shed each month during menstruation

Stratum basalis - layer of endometrium that is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

60
Q

Preovulatory (proliferative phase)

A

High levels of estrogen during the last part of the preovulatory phase have a positive feedback effect on cells secreting LH and GnRH, thus bringing about ovulation

61
Q

Ovulation

A

Occurs on appx. day 14

Corpus luteum - develops after ovulation when the empty follicle produces progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin

High levels of LH may cause ovulation and rupturing

62
Q

Postovulatory (secretory phase)

A

Period following ovulation

63
Q

What are the hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogens, inhibin, relaxin, progesterone, FSH/follicle-stimulating hormone, and LH/luteinizing hormone

64
Q

Estrogens

A

Promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics

Increases protein anabolism

Lower blood cholesterol

Stimulate proliferation of stratum basalis to form a new stratum functionalis

Moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

65
Q

Inhibin (menstrual cycle)

A

Inhibits release of FSH

66
Q

Relaxin

A

Inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle

During labor, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix

67
Q

Progesterone

A

Stimulates endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids, which serves as an initial nutrient source for a fertilized egg if implantation occurs

High levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

FSH and progesterone are involved in a negative feedback cycle

68
Q

FSH/follicle stimulating hormone (menstrual cycle)

A

Stimulates initial growth of ovarian follicles and further development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogens and inhibin

69
Q

LH/luteinizing hormone (menstrual cycle)

A

(Also) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogens and inhibin

Secretion of progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum

LH is a gonadotropin secreted by the pituitary gland

LH helps control the menstrual cycle and triggers the release of an egg from the ovary

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions