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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 4 - Chapter 26 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 26 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

How much (%) of fluid makes up the adult body mass? *For both females and males

A

Fluid are a large part of adult body mass

55% of female body mass (have more adipose tissue)

60% of male body mass (have more muscle mass, muscles retain more water)

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2
Q

What are the main compartments fluids can be found in?

A

Inside cells (2/3) - Intracellular is called cytosol (cell juice)

Outside of cells (1/3) - Extracellular fluid (80% of interstitial fluid) OR blood plasma (20% of extracellular fluid)

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3
Q

Exchange of water and ions in the plasma membrane?

A

Separates intracellular fluid from interstitial fluid

Keeps intracellular cytosol fluid inside the cell

Keeps interstitial extracellular fluid outside of the cell (in space)

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4
Q

Exchange of water and ions in the blood vessel walls?

A

Divide the extracellular components (interstitial fluid from blood plasma)

Keeps blood plasma in the blood vessels

Keeps interstitial fluid outside of the blood vessels

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5
Q

Exchange of water and ions in the capillary walls?

A

Super thin to allow for exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid of extracellular fluid

Site of capillary exchange

Composed of endothelium/one layer of squamous

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6
Q

What are the four methods of continuous exchange among body fluid compartments?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, diffusion, and osmosis

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7
Q

Filtration

A

Leaving blood, going into the drop off cells

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8
Q

Reabsorption

A

Leaving cells, going back into the blood

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

Solute exchange

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

Water exchange (passive transport)

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11
Q

What are the main drivers of reabsorption and filtration? *Pressure

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

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12
Q

What are the main factors that determine body fluid volume?

A

The amount of urinary salt loss and osmolarity

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13
Q

What are the two main solutes in urine?

A

Na+ and Cl-

Wherever solutes go, water follows

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14
Q

Discuss ways water enters the body

A

Ingestion

Metabolic synthesis - when substances are broken down (we gain water as a product)

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15
Q

Discuss ways water exits the body

A

Urination - elimination of excess body water

Perspiration - most of water is lost through the skin through perspiration

Exhalation - breathe out water molecules

Feces

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16
Q

Why is it important that water in must be equal to the water out to remain hydrated/maintain homeostasis

A

Too much water loss can lead to dehydration

Too much water in body can lead to hypovolemia

When extracellular fluid is isotonic to the cells of the body, they do NOT shrink or swell (normal condition)

Changes in osmolarity such as dehydration or hypovolemia can cause the cells of the body to shrink or swell

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17
Q

Functions of ions formed when electrolytes dissociate and dissolve

A

Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments

Helps maintain acid-base balance

Carry electrical currents

Serves as cofactors

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18
Q

Discuss the differences in concentration

A

The concentration of ions is expressed in units of milliequivalents per liter (mEq/liter)

Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid have different concentrations of electrocytes and protein ions

Blood plasma contains many proteins ions; interstitial fluid contains only a few

Sodium and potassium ion concentrations are nearly opposite in extracellular (interstitial and plasma) and intracellular fluid

^This is because the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump keeps intracellular Na+ concentrations low and K+ concentration high

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19
Q

Proteins and nonelectrocyte concentration in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid

A

Plasma = 90%

Interstitial fluid = 60%

Intracellular fluid = 97%

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20
Q

Sodium

A

Most abundant cation in extracellular fluid

Used for impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid, and electrolyte balance

Its level is controlled by aldosterone, ADH (retains sodium), and ANP (excretes sodium)

21
Q

Chloride

A

The major extracellular anion

Helps to regulate osmotic pressure between compartments (electrochemical gradient)

Forms HCl in stomach (hydrochloric acid)

Regulation is controlled by aldosterone

22
Q

Potassium

A

Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid in cytosol

Involved in fluid volume, impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and regulating pH

Mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone) regulate the plasma level

23
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Important plasma ion

Major member of the plasma acid-base buffer system

Kidneys reabsorb or secrete it for final acid-base balance

24
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the body

Structural component of bones and teeth

Used for blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, excitability of nerves and muscles

Level in plasma regulated by parathyroid hormone which activates osteoclast and removal of calcium from bone tissue and increases calcium blood concentration

PTH is released in response to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium concentration) and stimulates activation of vitamin D and calcium in GI tract

25
Q

Phosphate

A

Occurs as calcium phosphate salt

Used in the buffer system

Regulated by PTH and calcitriol

26
Q

Magnesium

A

An intracellular cation

Activates enzymes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism

Used in myocardial function (contractions), transmission in the CNS, and operation of the sodium pump

27
Q

Purpose of ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone - vasopressin

Reduces loss of water in urine

28
Q

What leads to increased synthesis of ADH by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus?

A

Increased blood osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Decreased blood volume which decreases activity of atrial volume receptors

Decreased blood pressure which decreases activity of baroreceptors in blood vessels

Pain, nausea, stress

29
Q

Low ADH levels

A

Most of water reaching collecting ducts is not reabsorbed because the lack of aquaporins in the apical membranes of the principal cells prevent flow of water

30
Q

High ADH levels

A

Nearly all filtered water is reabsorbed

31
Q

Summarize the purpose of ADH

A

Promotes insertion of water channel proteins (aquaporin-2) into apical membranes of principal cells in collecting ducts of kidneys

As a result, water permeability of these cells increases and more water is reabsorbed

32
Q

Purpose of Aldosterone

A

Reduces loss of water

Important part of renin-angiotensin mechanism

33
Q

High concentration of aldosterone

A

Remaining filtered Na+ is actively reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

Water from intracellular fluid follows Na+

34
Q

Low concentration of aldosterone

A

No Na+ reabsorption occurs beyond the distal convoluted tubule

Large amounts of Na+ and water excreted in the urine

35
Q

Summary of the purpose of aldosterone

A

By promoting urinary reabsorption of Na+, water reabsorption is increased via osmosis

36
Q

Purpose of ANP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Increases loss of water in urine

Reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all event that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention

  • Elevated BP causes cells in the heart atria to stretch and a hormone is released
  • Promotes excretion of water and Na+ by inhibiting ability of collecting ducts to reabsorb Na+ and suppresses the release of ADH, renin, and aldosterone
37
Q

Summary of the purpose of the ANP

A

Promotes natriuresis, elevated excretion of Na+, accompanied by water

38
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

Normal pH in arterial blood is 7.35 to 7.45

39
Q

What are the mechanisms that work to maintain normal pH range?

A

Buffer systems, kidney excretion of H+, and exhalation of CO2 (respiratory system)

40
Q

Buffer systems

A

Chemical that convert strong acids into weak acids and convert strong bases into weak bases

Proteins - most abundant buffer; hemoglobin in RBCs

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate - regulation of blood pH; most abundant buffers in extracellular fluid

Phosphates - intracellular fluid and urine

41
Q

Kidney excretion of H+

A

Regulates H+ ions and bicarbonate ions

PCT and collecting ducts of kidney secretes H+ ions (maintaining pH balance), reabsorbs HCO3- into tubular fluid (urine) so it’s not lost in urine

42
Q

Exhalation of CO2 (respiratory system)

A

Higher pH (less than H+ = less acidic)

Lower CO2

43
Q

Urinary v. respiratory mechanism

A

Urinary mechanism are long-term regulation and respiratory mechanisms are short-term

If there is too much acid and/or more hydrogens are formed, kidneys pump hydrogen ions to maintain normal pH balance

44
Q

Acidosis and pH

A

Blood pH is below 7.35

45
Q

Alkalosis and pH

A

Blood pH is above 7.45

46
Q

Respiratory acidosis and pH

A

Blood pH drops due to excessive retention of CO2 leading to excess H2CO3

47
Q

Respiratory alkalosis and pH

A

Blood pH rises due to excessive loss of CO2 (as in hyperventilation)

48
Q

Metabolic acidosis and pH

A

Arterial blood levels of H+ increases, HCO3- falls

Excessive production of ketoacids (diabetes)

49
Q

Metabolic alkalosis and pH

A

Arterial blood levels of H+ decreases, HCO3- rises

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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