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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 4 - Chapter 23 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 23 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, and defecation

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

Eats and receives food in mouth into first portion of GI tract

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3
Q

Secretion

A

Makes digestive enzymes int lumen of GI tract

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4
Q

Segmentation (secretion)

A

Rhythmic local constriction of the small intestine

Mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

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5
Q

Mechanical breakdown (secretion)

A

Increases the surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes

Mechanical processes includes chewing, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach, and segmentation

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6
Q

Motility

A

Mixing food with digestive enzymes and pushing food through GI tract

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7
Q

Peristalsis (motility)

A

Major means of propulsion

Involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

Squeezes food along the GI tract but some mixing occurs as well

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8
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical breakdown of large molecules until their simplest units

Moves food from GI tract into blood capillary

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of digested end products (plus vitamins, minerals, and water) from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph (into circulation)

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10
Q

Defecation

A

Eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus as feces

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11
Q

Mechanical (physical) digestion

A

Chewing mies food with saliva and forms a bolus which can be easily swallowed

Breaks down food into smallest pieces and digestible particles

Increases surface area of food for enzymatic reactions in chemical digestion

Occurs from mouth to stomach (chewing and churning)

Teeth, tongue, oral cavity, esophageal muscles, and stomach muscles

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12
Q

Chemical digestion

A

In saliva, salivary amylase (breaks down carbs) hydrolysis converts polysaccharides (carbs) into disaccharides (sugars)

Occurs from mouth to intestine (but mostly done in small intestine)

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13
Q

Purpose of peptidase in the chemical digestion

A

Any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptides into amino acids

A protease

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14
Q

Purpose of hydrolysis in chemical digestion

A

The degradation of certain biopolymers (proteins, complex sugars) by the chemical process that results in smaller polymers or monomers, such as amino acids or monosaccharides

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15
Q

List the component parts of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus

A

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → duodenum →jejunum → ileum → large intestine → cecum → colon → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum → anal canal

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16
Q

Accessory structures located within or open into the gastrointestinal tract

A

Salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingual, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and vermiform appendix

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17
Q

What makes up the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa (inner mouth layer), submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner mouth layer

Made of epithelial tissue

Longitudinal smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) may be found within this layer

Larger glands = submucosal glands

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

Contains some glands – produce glands and secretions into GI tract

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20
Q

Muscularis

A

Formed by two layers of smooth muscle

Circular layer is innermost, longitudinal layer is outermost

Functions to produce some propulsive and non-propulsive movements

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21
Q

Peristalsis in the muscularis

A

Propulsion that pushes GI tract content forward

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22
Q

Segmentation in the muscularis

A

Moving content back and forth (mixing action)

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23
Q

Serosa

A

Contains epithelium and alveolar connective tissue

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24
Q

What systems make up the neural innervation of the stomach?

A

Enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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25
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus - control secretion of enzyme from submucosal glands and contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles

It functions to control GI tract motility and secretion. It also controls short reflexes

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26
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Parasympathetic - stimulator for digestive system

Sympathetic - inhibitor of GI tract (digestive system)

Controls long range reflexes

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27
Q

Peritoneum

A

Largest serous membrane in the body

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28
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer, mesocolon, mesentery, lesser omentum, and greater omentum

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29
Q

Parietal layer of peritoneum

A

Lines walls of the cavity

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30
Q

Visceral layer of peritoneum

A

Surrounds organs inside the peritoneal cavity

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31
Q

Mesocolon of peritoneum

A

Surrounds and supports large intestine

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32
Q

Mesentery of peritoneum

A

Fan shaped fold that supports and separates the coils of the small intestine

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33
Q

Lesser omentum of peritoneum

A

Between liver and stomach

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34
Q

Greater omentum of peritoneum

A

Overlies small and large intestines

Large adipose tissue

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35
Q

Salivary glands

A

Composed of two types of secretory cells

Lie outside the mouth and empty their contents into ducts which deliver saliva into the oral cavity

3 pairs of salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Serous cells produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin (mostly parotid and submandibular)

Mucous cells produce mucus (mostly sublingual)

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36
Q

Tongue

A

Forms floor of oral cavity

Chewing, speech, and swallowing

Composed of skeletal muscle covered in a mucous membrane

Upper lateral portion covered in papillae (some of which contain taste buds)

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37
Q

Teeth

A

Chewing (project into mouth and are adapted for mechanical digestion)

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38
Q

Purpose of enamel in teeth

A

Protects tooth from wear and tear

Made of calcium salts

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39
Q

Purpose of dentin in teeth

A

Makes up majority of tooth

Calcified connective tissue

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40
Q

Pulp cavity in teeth

A

Contains pulp (connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels)

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41
Q

Cementum in teeth

A

Bone like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

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42
Q

Root canal in teeth

A

Extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

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43
Q

Periodontal ligament in teeth

A

Helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone

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44
Q

Apical foramen in teeth

A

Opening at the base of root canal where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter a tooth

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45
Q

Function of the pharynx in swallowing

A

Funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus and to the larynx (anteriorly)

Composed of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

The elevator skeletal muscles of the pharynx contract, raising and expanding the pharynx to receive the bolus of food

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46
Q

Function of the esophagus in swallowing

A

Collapsible, muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea and connects the pharynx to the stomach

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47
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing via pharynx and esophagus

The larynx moves up as the epiglottis moves down and closes the opening of the larynx (glottis)

The bolus is directed into the esophagus

48
Q

Structure of the stomach

A

Widest portion of the GI tract (J-shaped enlargement of GI tract)

Food will remain here for up to 6 hours

Has a lesser/greater curvatures

Lesser curvature is along the top

Greater curvature is along the bottom

49
Q

Divisions of the stomach

A

Upper dome part of the stomach is the fundus

Cardia is the portion that surrounds the opening to the esophagus

Body of the stomach is the wide portion that curves downward (central part of the stomach)

Pyloric antrum is the lower portion above the duodenum (begins to get narrower) - moves into the pyloric canal

Pylorus is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine

50
Q

What are the sphincters in the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter

51
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Upper sphincter

Controls what enters the stomach

Food can enter when it is relaxed

52
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Lower sphincter

Controls the amount of stomach content leaving (entering to duodenum)

53
Q

Layers of the stomach

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa

54
Q

Mucosa is the….

A

deepest layer of the stomach (protective and permits expansion of stomach)

55
Q

Submucosa is the….

A

middle layer of the stomach

56
Q

The muscularis contains how many layers?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle that allow for more mixing of content and the muscle fibers all go in different directions

Oblique layer is most inner, circular layer is the middle layer, and longitudinal layer is the outermost

57
Q

The serosa is the…

A

outermost layer that surrounds the stomach

58
Q

Where are gastric glands located?

A

In the mucosa (deepest layer)

Contain different types of cells that have varying secretions

59
Q

The mucosa (which includes gastric glands/stomach cells) includes

A

Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

G cells

60
Q

Surface mucous cells

A

Secretes mucus that protects mucosa from aggressive acidic secretions

Have absorption functions

61
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Deeper into the gland, but also produce protective mucus that prevents digestion of stomach wall

Have absorption functions

62
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factors

Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 and formation of RBC

HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin (a protein-digesting enzyme); kills microbes in food

63
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase (enzymes)

Pepsinogen converts to pepsin to breakdown proteins into peptides

Gastric lipase will breakdown lipids/fats (milk fat); more active in children

64
Q

G cells

A

Secrete hormone gastrin

Gastrin triggers secretions (HCl and pepsinogen) from parietal/chief cells

Helps to create normal digestion

Contracts lower esophageal sphincter and relaxes pyloric sphincter

Increases motility of stomach

65
Q

Function the muscularis

A

Mixing waves (gentle peristaltic movements)

66
Q

What does the function of the muscularis result in?

A

Churns and physically breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juice, forming chyme

Forces chyme through pyloric sphincter

67
Q

Function of the pyloric sphincter

A

Opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum

68
Q

What does the function of the pyloric sphincter result in?

A

Regulates passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum

Prevents backflow of chyme from duodenum to stomach

69
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme (acidic stomach content) - Acidic gastric juice mixed with the bolus makes acidic chyme

Serves as a reservoir for food before release into small intestine - Not all stomach content moves from stomach to duodenum (only about 200mL is entering into the small intestine at each time)

Secretes gastric juice (by gastric enzymes), which contains HCL (churing), pepsin (breaks down protein), intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase (breaks down fats) - HCl activates pepsin

Secretes gastrin into blood - Gastrin works like a hormone to create normal digestion

70
Q

The pancreas is a gland that:

A

Is a part of the digestive and endocrine system

Lies posterior to the stomach

Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids

Produces sodium bicarbonate which buffers/neutralizes stomach acid

Empties contents into duodenum (where most chemical digestion takes place)

71
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice

A

Proteases are secreted in an inactive form; they are activated after they reach duodenum

Enteropeptidase, enzyme bound to plasma membrane of duodenal epithelial cells activates pancreatic protease trypsinogen to trypsin

Once trypsin is activated, it can then activate more trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase to activate carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen to activate chymotrypsin

After activation, pancreatic juice is released into duodenum

72
Q

Structure of liver

A

Has units shaped like a hexagon

Contains hepatocytes, traid, hepatic sinusoids, and bile canaliculi

73
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Arranged in columns along the sinusoids and the cells secretes bile

74
Q

Traid

A

Branch of hepatic portal vein, bile duct, and branch of hepatic artery

75
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Vascular channels

Capillary with large opening in wall

Contain macrophages to destroy pathogens

Where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix

Drained by central veins to vena cava inferior

76
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes

Continually drain into larger and larger ducts, until it becomes common hepatic duct

77
Q

Blood supply to the liver

A

Oxygenated blood from hepatic artery, deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein → hepatic sinusoids → central vein → hepatic vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium of heart

78
Q

Function of liver

A

Makes bile which is important for emulsification of fats (bile breaks down chyme)

Major organ of metabolism (carbs, lipids, proteins)

Detoxification/neutralization of toxins

Some proteins are made in the liver

Processing of drugs/hormones

Bilirubin excretion

Bile salt synthesis (digests fats)

Some nutrients stored in liver (like iron)

Phagocytosis

Activation of vitamin D

79
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores bile until it is needed (between digestions)

80
Q

Flow of bile

A

Right and left hepatic ducts of the liver (each lobe has its own duct) form common hepatic duct from liver

Gallbladder stores some of this bile and has its own cystic duct

Common bile duct is a combination of hepatic and cystic ducts

Pancreatic duct brings secretion from the pancreas and connects to the common bile duct

Common bile duct projects into the duodenum (sphincter must relax to allow bile to enter)

81
Q

Majority of digestion (mechanical and chemical) and absorption occurs in the small intestine…but specificall where?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

82
Q

Duodenum

A

Immovable section which curves around the head of the pancreas

Has the major duodenal papilla

83
Q

Jejunum

A

Found in between the duodenum and the ileum

Circular folds increase surface area for digestion and absorption in small intestine

84
Q

Ileum

A

Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve (empties into the large intestine)

85
Q

Function of the villi

A

Fingerlike projections of the mucosa (leaf like in duodenum and become more narrow later on)

Contains a lacteal - dense capillary bed and wide lymphatic capillary

Interstitial juice provides a vehicle for absorption of substances from chyme as they come in contact with the vili

86
Q

Function of microvilli

A

Long, densely packed cytoplasmic extensions of the absorptive cells of the mucosa (make up the brush border)

Brush border enzymes - enzymes found on the plasma layer (surface) of the microvilli of absorptive cells, breaks down food products

87
Q

Function of intestinal crypt

A

Tubular glands found in between the villi

88
Q

Function of the peyer’s patches

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules found on mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

89
Q

Function of enterocytes

A

Responsible for absorbing nutrients and electrolytes in the villi

Secrete intestinal juice

90
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Mucus secreting cells found in villi and crypts

91
Q

Function of enteroendocrine cells

A

The source of enterogastrones (secretes secretin and cholecystokinin/CCK, or GIP)

92
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

Secretory cells that fortify the small intestine’s defenses by releasing antimicrobial agents

Secretions destroy certain bacteria (phagocytosis)

Secretes lysozyme

93
Q

Function of stem cells

A

Differentiate to become other types of cells

94
Q

Segmentation

A

Mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestine wall

Non-adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax

Food is moved forward, then backward

Primarily mixes food and breaks it down mechanically

95
Q

Peristalsis

A

Propels chyme through the small intestine (little mixing)

Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternately contract and relax

96
Q

List the divisions of the large intestine

A

Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (hepatic flexure), descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

97
Q

Cecum

A

“Blind sac” that is the beginning of the large intestine

98
Q

Appendix

A

Contains masses of lymphoid tissue and plays role in body immunity

99
Q

Ascending colon

A

Travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity

100
Q

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

Right turn that connects ascending and transverse colon

101
Q

Transverse colon

A

Crosses abdominal cavity

102
Q

Left colic (hepatic flexure)

A

Left turn that connects transverse and descending colon

103
Q

Descending colon

A

Descends down the left side of the abdominal cavity

104
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

S-shaped section connected to the descending colon that goes through the pelvis

105
Q

Rectum

A

Attached to sigmoid colon

Contains three valves that stop feces from being passed

106
Q

Anal canal

A

External of abdominal cavity

Connected to rectum

107
Q

Three major movements in the large intestine

A

Haustral contractions, mass movement, and defecation

108
Q

Haustral contractions

A

Slow segmenting movements that last about one minute and occur every 30 mins or so

Mainly in ascending and transverse colon

Local controls of smooth muscle within the walls

Mix residue which aids in water reabsorption

109
Q

Mass movement

A

Long, slow-moving but powerful contractile waves that move over large areas of the colon and force contents forward into the rectum

Presence of food stomach activates gastrocolic reflex which propels food into the colon

110
Q

Defecation

A

Feces move into and distend the rectum, stimulating stretch receptors there (receptors transmit signals along afferent fibers to spinal cord neurons)

A spinal reflex is initiated in which parasympathetic motor (efferent) fibers stimulate contraction of the rectum and sigmoid colon, and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

Voluntary motor neurons are inhibited, allowing the external anal sphincter to relax so feces may pass

111
Q

Chylomicron formation in the small intestines

A

Lipid products are converted back into triglycerides and packaged with lecithin and lipoproteins, forming chylomicron

112
Q

Source of gastrin

A

Enteroendocrine cell

In the gastric phase, chemical stimuli,, such as partially digested proteins, caffeine, and low acidity, activate enteroendocrine G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum to secrete gastrin

The cephalic phase prepares the stomach and GI tract to receive food, and also stimulates gastric secretion and motility

113
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach

114
Q

Source of secretin

A

Produced in the S cells of the duodenum, which are located in the intestinal glands

115
Q

Function of secretin

A

Regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver

116
Q

Source of CCK

A

Produced by I-cells in the lining of the duodenum and is also released by some neurons in the brain

117
Q

Function of CCK

A

Slowing down the emptying of food from the stomach and stimulating the production of bile in the liver as well as its release from the gallbladder

Also function in appetite

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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