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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 3 - Chapter 18 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 18 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum and enclosed/held in place by the pericardium

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

Consists of an outer fiber pericardium and an inner serous pericardium

*Serous pericardium has a visceral and a parietal layer, which are separated by the serous cavity

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (outermost)

Myocardium

Endocardium (innermost)

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4
Q

What does the heart consist of?

A

Two upper atria and two lower ventricles

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5
Q

Right atria

A

Receive (deoxygenated) blood from superior + inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

Bring blood back to right ventricle

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6
Q

Right ventricle

A

Receives (deoxygenated) blood from right atrium and sends blood to the lungs via a pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Left atria

A

Receives (oxygenated) blood from pulmonary veins and sends blood to left ventricle

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8
Q

Left ventricle

A

Receives (oxygenated) blood from left atrium and sends blood all over the body

Wall of left ventricle becomes thicker due to being responsible for systemic circulation/needing higher BP

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9
Q

Chordae/tendineae

A

Anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles

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10
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Hold valve flaps in closed position

Prevent flaps from everting back into atria

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11
Q

Characteristics of a valve

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart

Open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

When one set of valves is open, the other set is closed

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12
Q

AV valves

A

Located between atria and ventricles

Prevent backflow from ventricles

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

Made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle

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14
Q

Mitral valve

A

Left AV valve (bicuspid valve)

Made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle

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15
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Located between ventricles and major arteries

Prevent backflow from major arteries

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16
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Located between ventricle and aorta

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18
Q

Describe the flow of blood

A

Blood flow through coronary arteries delivers O2 blood and nutrients to myocardium and branches arise from ascending aorta

Coronary veins remove CO2 and wastes from myocardium and branches converge at coronary sinus

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19
Q

List flow of blood in order

A

Vena cava superior + inferior

Right atria

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary vein

Left atria

Mitral valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Aorta

Vena cava

Vena cava superior + inferior

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20
Q

Formation of conduction system

A

Cardiac muscles are self-excitable

Autorhythmic

Muscle cells repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger contractions

These cells form the conduction system

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21
Q

Conduction system

A

The route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle

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22
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node function

A

Pacemaker of heart

Stimulates atrial muscle to contract and initiates action potential in ventricles (most frequently)

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23
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node function

A

Carries action potentials from atrium to ventricles

Establish rate at which heart contracts

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24
Q

Bundle of His function

A

Carries action potentials to each ventricle

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25
Q

Right and left bundle branches

A

Rapidly transmits action potentials to purkinje fibers

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26
Q

Purkinje fibers function

A

Stimulates heart muscle contraction

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27
Q

Hormones and conduction system

A

Hormones can modify the conduction system (ex. epinephrine) but do not set fundamental rhythm

28
Q

Trace an impulse through the conduction system of the heart

A

SA node

AV node

Bundle of His

Right and left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

29
Q

EKG/ECG

A

The recording of the electrical changes that accompany each heart beat

30
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of SA node and atria (excitation of atrial)

31
Q

QRS wave

A

Ventricular excitation

32
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

33
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization (end of ventricular excitation)

34
Q

P-R interval

A

Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

35
Q

S-T segment

A

Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized (ventricles contracted)

36
Q

Q-T interval

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

37
Q

Heart cycle

A

Sequence of events that occur when the heart beats

38
Q

What does one cardiac cycle consist of?

A

The contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria

Rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles

39
Q

Systole

A

Atrial systole = 0.1 sec | Ventricular systole = 0.3 sec

Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle

Causes ejection of blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk

40
Q

Diastole

A

Diastole = 0.4 sec

RV pushes blood into the pulmonary artery sending deoxygenated blood to lungs

LV pushes blood into aorta sending blood throughout body

Occurs between the second and fourth heart sounds

41
Q

Atrial contraction

A

As atria contracts, the pressure within the atrial chambers increase forcing more blood flow across the open AV valves

Leads to a rapid flow of blood into ventricles

42
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Split-second when ventricles are completely closed (all valves closed due to rising ventricular pressure)

Volume remains constant

Ventricles continue to contract

Atria relax

43
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Forceful expulsion of blood from the ventricles of heart

44
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Following ventricular repolarization (T wave) ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops causing backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary trunk (triggers closing of SL valves)

Ventricles are completely closed chambers momentarily

When ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, SL valves are forced open and ventricles are ejected

Closure of the aortic valve raises aortic pressure as backflow rebounds off closed valve cusps (dicrotic notch)

45
Q

Dicrotic notch/wave (in isovolumetric relaxation)

A

Closure of the aortic valve raises aortic pressure as backflow rebounds off closed valve cusps

46
Q

Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole)

A

The period in which the ventricle fills with blood from the left atrium (from the onset of mitral valve opening to mitral valve closure)

Pressure is low

80% of blood passively flows from atria through open AV valves into ventricles from atria (SL valves closed)

Atrial depolarization triggers atrial systole (P wave), atria contracts, pushing the remaining 20% of blood into ventricles

47
Q

What roles does atrial contraction is transporting remaining blood?

A

Atrial depolarization forces a small amount (remaining 20%) of blood into the ventricles and a new cardiac cycle begins

48
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Volume to blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

Affected by length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure

Normal = approx. 120 ml/beat

Equivalent to ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction

49
Q

End-systolic volume (ESV)

A

Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

Affected by arterial BP and force of ventricular contraction

Normal = appx. 50 ml/beat

Equivalent to ventricular volume during isovolumetric relaxation

50
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta each minute

Volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

SV x HR = CO | MAP/R = CO

51
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles in one beat

Normal = 70 ml/beat

Regulated by preload, contractility, and afterload

SV = EDV - ESV

52
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Measurements (%) of how much of blood leaves the heart each time in contracts

Normal = 55% or higher

53
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of heartbeats per minute

Normal = appx. 60-100 BPM (can be affected with arrhythmias, fibrillation, or murmurs)

54
Q

What are heart sounds a result of?

A

Blood turbulences of blood flow caused by closing of heart valves

55
Q

“Lub”/Sound 1

A

Louder

Longer sound

Closure of AV valves

Marks starts of ventricular contraction

56
Q

“Dup”/Sound 2

A

Higher sharper sound

Closer of SL valves

Marks start of ventricular relaxation

57
Q

What parts of the higher brain centers are involved with cardiovascular regulation?

A

ANS - secretes acetylcholine (lowers HR) or norepinephrine (increases HR)

Cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus

Medulla oblongata - contains cardiovascular centers (group of neurons that regulate heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter)

58
Q

Which sensory receptors are concerned with cardiovascular regulation?

A

Proprioceptors - monitor movements

Chemoreceptors - monitor blood chemistry

Baroreceptors - monitor blood pressure

59
Q

Which nerves are concerned with cardiovascular regulation?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic)

Vagus (X) nerves (parasympathetic)

60
Q

What factors regulate HR?

A

Age - fetus has faster HR but declines with age

Gender - females have faster HR than males

Exercise - increases HR (trained athletes can have slower HR)

Body temperature - HR increases with increased body temperature

61
Q

Role of baroreceptors in major blood vessels

A

Located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch

Important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of walls of blood vessels and the atria

Can play a role with monitoring blood pressure (stretch less, decreasing rate of nerve impulses which raises blood pressure)

62
Q

Asystole

A

Most serious form of cardiac arrest

Flatline in the state of total cessation of electrical activity from the heart

No heart contraction

No blood flow to rest of the body (often irreversible)

63
Q

Fibrillation

A

Rapid and irregular contractions

Heart becomes useless for pumping blood (causing circulation to cease)

64
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 BPM)

Can lead to fibrillation

65
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate (<60 BPM)

Can result in poor blood circulation

66
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart rhythms

Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

67
Q

Ectopic

A

Premature contraction

Ectopic focus of small region of heart that triggers impulse before SA node can, causing delay in next impulse

Heart skips a beat or adss an extra beat

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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