Exam 3 - Chapter 22 Deck

Question 1

How many groups is the respiratory system divided into? Name them

Answer 1

2 - Upper/lower respiratory tract

Question 2

Role of the nose in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

First to receive air

Conchar increases surface area for air

Helps remove pathogens and moistens/warms up the air

Olfaction (contains sensory cells to help detect smell)

Question 3

Role of the pharynx in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 3

Passageway for air and food

Provides resonating chamber for speech sounds

Houses tonsils

Question 4

Role of larynx in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 4

Voice box

Connects pharynx to trachea

Contains vocal folds that produce sounds when they vibrate

Consumption of food causes muscle on larynx to contract and epiglottis moves down to close opening of larynx

Question 5

Role of trachea in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 5

Extends from larynx to primary bronchi

Permits expansion of muscular esophagus when food is swallowed

Question 6

Role of bronchi in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 6

Trachea branches into right primary bronchus that enters right lung and left primary bronchus enter left lung

Entrance into lungs includes division of primary bronchi into smaller branches known as terminal bronchioles at the end of the conducting zone

Supply lobes of the lungs

Aid in gas exchange

Question 7

Role of lungs in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 7

Paired organs in the thoracic cavity

Enclosed and protected by pleural membrane

Lobule

Primary location for respiration

Question 8

Flow of air from the nasal cavities to the alveoli

Answer 8

Nasopharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveoli

Question 9

Structure of lungs

Answer 9

Paired organs in the thoracic cavity

Enclosed and protected by pleural membrane

Contains lobes and fissures

Primary location for respiration

R-lung is larger than L-lung due to location of heart

Question 10

Structure of bronchial tree

Answer 10

Term to describe structure of bronchi and its branches (as they form structure of upside down tree)

Trachea branches into right primary bronchus that enters right lung and left primary bronchus that enter left lung

Entrance into lungs includes division of primary bronchi into smaller branches

Supply lobes of the lungs

Aid in gas exchange

Question 11

Structure of bronchioles

Answer 11

Upon entering lungs, primary bronchi further divides to form smaller and smaller diameter branches

Terminal bronchioles are the end of the conducting zone

Question 12

Structure of alveoli

Answer 12

When conducting zone ends at the terminal bronchioles, respiratory zone begins

Respiratory zone terminates at the alveoli and the “air sacs” found within the lungs

Microscopic sac-like structures that diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 13

Alveolar membrane

Answer 13

Thin membrane composed of mainly type I alveolar cells that allows for diffusion to occur between capillaries and alveoli

Direction of gas driven by simple diffusion

Question 14

Capillary epithelium in alveolar membrance

Answer 14

One layer of epithelial cells in capillary walls sitting on basement membrane

Question 15

Name the layers that make up the respiratory membrane (in order)

Answer 15

Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells → epithelial basement membrane → capillary basement membrane → capillary endothelium

Question 16

Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells

Answer 16

Associated alveolar macrophages

Question 17

Epithelial basement membrane

Answer 17

Underlying alveolar wall

Question 18

Capillary basement membrane

Answer 18

Often fused to the epithelial basement membrane

Question 19

Describe the process of blood supply to the lungs

Answer 19

Blood enters the lungs via pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)

Blood exits the lungs via pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

Ventilation-perfusion coupling process

Question 20

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Answer 20

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia that diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas

Perfect match between how much air is passing through alveoli and how much blood is passing through pulmonary capillaries (must be in perfect ratio)

Question 21

Mechanism for breathing/pulmonary ventilation

Answer 21

Air flows between atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of the alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles – inhalation and exhalation

Question 22

Inhalation

Answer 22

Active phase

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract (which enlarges thorax/chest)

Lung volume increases and air pressure inside decreases

Atmospheric pressure (outside) is higher than pulmonary pressure (inside)

Air moves into lungs

Question 23

Exhalation

Answer 23

Passive phase

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax (thorax/chest gets smaller)

Lung volume decreases and air pressure inside increases

Pulmonary air pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Air moves out of lungs

Question 24

Boyle’s law

Answer 24

The idea that pressure changes that drives inhalation and exhalation are governed, in part. So, the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure and volume drives pressure outcome

Question 25

Differences between alveolar and atmospheric pressure during rest

Answer 25

Alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

Question 26

Differences between alveolar and atmospheric pressure during inhalation

Answer 26

Alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

Question 27

Differences between alveolar and atmospheric pressure during exhalation

Answer 27

Alveolar pressure > than atmospheric pressure

Question 28

What are the primary factors that influence the respiratory control and its control of respiratory rate and depth?

Answer 28

Surface tension, elastic recoil, and compliance

Question 29

Surface tension

Answer 29

Inwardly direct force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

Higher tension = lesser respiratory depth

Question 30

Elastic recoil

Answer 30

Decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration

Higher elastic recoil = lesser respiratory depth

Question 31

Compliance

Answer 31

Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can expand

Depends on stretchability of elastic fibers within lungs and surface tension inside alveoli

Higher compliance = higher respiratory depth

Question 32

Primary stimulus for breathing

Answer 32

Hypercapnia - abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (and H+)

Question 33

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors role in breathing

Answer 33

Central (brainstem) and peripheral (aortic arch and carotid arteries) chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the respiratory center

Question 34

High CO2, low pH, and low O2 effects on breathing

Answer 34

Acidosis/accumulation of CO2 in brain and joints with water to become carbonic acid (which dissociates and releases H+ lowering pH)

Stimulation of central chemoreceptors of brainstem increase breathing rate and breathing volume help expire CO2 and inspire CO2 at a faster rate to help each normal levels once again

Question 35

Low CO2, high pH, and high O2 effects on breathing

Answer 35

Alkalosis

Breathing into paper to help control concentration of CO2 leaving lungs and being reabsorbed

Limit oxygen intake until levels normalize again

Question 36

Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer 36

Reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung - stretch receptors in pleurae and airways are stimulated by lung inflation

Send inhibitory signals to medullary respiratory centers to end inhalation and allow expiration

May act as protective response more than as a normal regulatory mechanism

Question 37

Total lung capacity (TLC) - include normal values

Answer 37

Maximum amount of air than can fill the lungs

~6,000 ml

Question 38

Vital capacity (V) - include normal values

Answer 38

Greatest amount of air than can be expelled from the lung after maximum inspiration

During forceful breathing in one breathe

~4,800 ml

Question 39

Residual volume (RV) - include normal values

Answer 39

Amount of air that always remain in lungs

Needed to keep alveoli open

~1,200 ml

Question 40

Role of surfactant in maintaining alveolar stability

Answer 40

Released through type II alveolar cells

Spreads across the tissue that surrounds the alveoli

Lowers surface tension which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy

Question 41

How is O2 carried in the blood?

Answer 41

1.5% dissolved in plasma

98.5% carried by hemoglobin

Question 42

How is CO2 carried in the blood?

Answer 42

7% dissolved in plasma

23& carried by hemoglobin inside RBCs as carbaminohemoglobin

70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in plasma - combining water with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate and H+ after bicarbonate is created it quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma to be exhaled at CO2 or brought to tissue systemic cells as O2

Question 43

How does the partial pressure (concentration) of O2 and CO2 affect pH?

Answer 43

When concentration of CO2 is high and O2 is low in blood = acidosis = low blood pH

When concentration of CO2 is low and O2 is high in blood = alkalosis = high blood pH

Question 44

Principle of partial pressure and its role in explaining gas movements between alveoli and blood

Answer 44

Refers to the principle of simple diffusion that occurs when there is a higher concentration (partial pressure) of a gas in one area than another

In almost all cases, gas movements will occur from an area of high to low concentration when there is a gas exchange between alveoli and blood

Question 45

External inspiration

Answer 45

When O2 is inhaled through the alveoli and moves into the pulmonary capillaries to be distributed as oxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit

Question 46

External expiration

Answer 46

When CO2 is exhaled from the deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary capillaries and moves into the alveoli to be expelled into the atmosphere

Question 47

BP levels in atmospheric air for O2 and CO2 (ex. ins/exp)

Answer 47

O2 → 159 mmHg

CO2 → 0.3 mmHg

Question 48

BP levels in alveolar air for O2 and CO2 (ex. ins/exp)

Answer 48

O2 → 105 mmHg

CO2 → 40 mmHg

Question 49

BP levels in deoxygenated blood in O2 and CO2 (ex. ins/exp)

Answer 49

O2 → 40 mmHg

CO2 → 45 mmHg

Question 50

Internal inspiration

Answer 50

When O2 moves from oxygenated blood through the systemic capillaries and into the systemic tissue cells to be distributed throughout the rest of the body

Question 51

Internal expiration

Answer 51

When CO2 moves from the systemic tissue cells into the systemic capillaries and moves into deoxygenated blood to be distributed to the right side of the heart

Question 52

BP levels in oxygenated blood for O2 and CO2 (in. ins/exp)

Answer 52

O2 → 100 mmHg

CO2 → 40 mmHg

Question 53

BP levels in systemic tissue cells for O2 and CO2 (in. ins/exp)

Answer 53

O2 → 40 mmHg

CO2 → 45 mmHg

Question 54

Apnea

Answer 54

Cessation of breathing

Question 55

Dyspnea

Answer 55

Labored or difficult breathing

Question 56

Tachypnea

Answer 56

Abnormally fast breathing

Question 57

Bradypnea

Answer 57

Abnormally slow breathing

Question 58

Role of cortical influences

Answer 58

Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

Question 59

Hypoxia

Answer 59

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood due to high altitude

Airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs