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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 3 - Chapter 17 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 17 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products

Regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temperature, and water contents of cells

Protects against excessive loss by clotting, and uses white blood cells to protect against infection

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2
Q

How many layers does blood have?

A

Three

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3
Q

What are the three layers of blood?

A

Plasma - 55% of whole blood | Top layer and least dense component

Buffy coat - less than 1% of whole blood | Made up of WBCs and platelets

Erythrocytes - on bottom (appx. 45% of whole blood) | Hematocrit | Most dense component

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4
Q

What is hematocrit and what are the normal values for males and females?

A

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

Normal values for males = 47% +/- 5%

Normal values for females = 42% +/- 5%

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5
Q

True of False: Buffy coat and erythrocytes are both formed elements?

A

True

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6
Q

The cellular components of blood include…

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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7
Q

Description of RBCs and function (formed element)

A

Contain Hb used to carry oxygen to all cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs

Hb molecules contains iron ion, allowing each molecule to bind to 4 oxygen molecules - responsible for giving RBCs their red color

No nucleus or other organelles - carry oxygen more efficiently

Contains spectrin and other proteins - provides flexibility to change shape

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8
Q

Description of WBCs and function (formed element)

A

Lacks Hb, has a nucleus, and capable of motility

Defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies

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9
Q

Description of platelets and function (formed element)

A

Reacts to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, initiating a blood clot

Secrete vasoconstrictors which constrict blood vessels, causing vascular spasms in broken blood vessels

Form temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding

Secrete procoagulants (clotting factors) to promote blood clotting

Dissolve blood clots when they are no longer needed

Digest and destroy bacteria

Secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation

Secrete growth factors to maintain the linings of blood vessels

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10
Q

What three major components make up the plasma?

A

Proteins (7%) | Water (91.5%) | Other solutes (1.5%)

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11
Q

List the proteins in the plasma and their functions?

A

Albumin (54%) - maintain osmotic concentration, transport lipid molecules

Globulin (38%) - immune response, transport lipid molecules (alpha, beta), living function, fighting infection

Fibrogen (7%) - blood clotting factors

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12
Q

What are the functions of water in the plasma?

A

Digestion

Removing waste

Temperature control

Transport medium

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process of producing blood cells

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14
Q

Characteristics and functions of RBCs

A

Erythrocytes - contain Hb that is used to carry O2 to all cells and some CO2 to the lungs

Each Hb molecule contains an iron ion (allowing each molecule to bind to 4 O2 molecules)

RBCs has no nucleus or organelles and are biconcave discs which allows them to carry O2 move efficiently

RBC diameters > some capillaries diameters

Contain plasma membrane protein, spectrin, which allows for flexibility to change shape

Contain carbonic anhydrase which helps convert CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid and then to bicarbonate ion and H+

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15
Q

Structure and function of Hb

A

Each Hb molecule transports 4 O2 molecules and each RBC contains 250 million Hb molecules (lots of oxygen as well)

Hb regulates blood flow and BP through the release of nitric oxide (NO causes vasodilation)

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16
Q

Recycling of RBCs

A

RBCs appx. live for 120 days

Dead cells are removed from circulation by spleen and liver and destroyed by macrophages

Breakdown products from RBCs and are then recycled and reused

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17
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBCs, beginning in the red bone marrow (spongy bone)

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18
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone released by kidneys (in response to hypoxia) that stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythrocytes to help resupply oxygen levels

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19
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBCs that enter the circulation and mature in 1-2 days

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20
Q

Use of artificial EPO

A

Increases hematocrit, allowing athletes to increase stamina in performance

Dangerous consequences include dehydration, or blood becoming sludge-like which can cause increase in clotting, stroke, or heart failure

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21
Q

Anemia

A

Caused by blood carrying low levels of O2 to support normal metabolism

Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, chills

Caused by blood loss, lack of RBC production due to loss of nutrients or usual destruction of RBCs via genetics

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22
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Genetic anemia - reduction of O2-carrying capacity

RBCs contain Hb causing RBCs to make sickle shape

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23
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

Can be caused by hemorrhage anemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption

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24
Q

General overview of WBCs

A

Contain a nucleus and organelles but no Hb

WBC count = 4,800 - 10,000

Its function is to combat invading microbes, diapedesis (leaving bloodstream and migrating to site of invasion)

High WBC = infection/inflammation

Low WBC - has several causes

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25
Q

Structure of WBCs

A

Granular - containing vesicles that appear in cells that are stained | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Agranular - contain no granules | lymphocytes, monocytes (largest WBC)

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26
Q

List the count of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils = 50 - 70%

Eosinophils = 2 - 4%

Basophils = 0.5 - 1%

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27
Q

List the count of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes = 25 - 45%

Monocytes = 3 - 8%

28
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Release cytokinesis, which amplify inflammatory reactions by several other cell types

Play a key role in front-line defense against pathogens

Work against bacterial infections

Phagocytic

29
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Movement to inflamed area, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity

Participate in immediate allergic reactions

Modulate inflammatory response

Stains orange/red

30
Q

Basophils

A

Appear in inflammatory reactions that cause allergic symptoms

Contain heparin which prevents blood from clotting too quickly

Secrete histamine which promotes blood flow to tissues

31
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

Recognizes antigens and produces antibodies

Destroy cells that could cause damage

32
Q

Monocytes

A

Destroy invaders

Facilitate healing and repair

Largest WBC

33
Q

What is the purpose of differential WBCS?

A

They help determine if a problem exists in the body

34
Q

Leukemia

A

Overproduction of abnormal WBCs

Cancerous condition and infectious mononucleosis

35
Q

Leukopenia

A

Underproduction of WBCs but it can be drug induced by anticancer drugs or glucocorticoids

36
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased number of WBCs in the blood due to infection

37
Q

Structure of platelets

A

Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow splinter into 2000 - 3000 fragments, creating platelets that contain many vesicles but no nucleus

Under the influence of thrombopoietin, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into platelets

Platelets are incomplete cell component

Survive only 5 - 9 days

38
Q

Name the three phases of hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) | Platelet plug formation | Blood clotting (coagulation)

39
Q

Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)

A

Vasoconstriction/constricting blood vessels limits blood flow

40
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets swell and become sticky, releasing chemical messengers

ADP causes more platelets to stick and release their content

Serotonin and A2 enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation (positive feedback cycle) - more platelets sticking = more chemical released = more platelets sticking/more chemical released

Activation of formed elements in the blood

41
Q

Blood clotting (coagulation)

A

Activated by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors

Form a stable clot

Clotting factors promote formation of fibrin clot

42
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Clotting factors present within the blood

Triggered by negatively charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass of test tube

Activated by internal trauma within the vascular system

Slower acting

43
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Factors needed for clotting outside the blood

Triggered by exposure to tissue factor (TF or factor)

Activated by external trauma

Fast acting

Blood escapes from vascular system

44
Q

Common pathways requires calcium ions to activate various clotting factors. Explain how that works

A

Prothrombin activator (prothrombinase) catalyzes transformation of prothrombin (inactive clotting protein in blood) to thrombin

Thrombin provides activation for the final step in clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

Fibrin strands form structural basis of clot, and the fibrin causes the plasma to become gel-like, trapping/catching formed elements

Once clot forms, it tightens to pull the edges of the damaged vessels together

Vitamin K is also needed for clot formation - used to synthesize the 4 clotting factors

45
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

The process of removing or dissolving clots after repair is completed

46
Q

Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) - a fibrin digesting enzyme, to dissolve small, unwanted clots

47
Q

Name the four different types of abnormal clotting

A

Thrombosis, thrombus, embolus, and embolism

48
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel

49
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel (can block circulation and lead to death)

50
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus freely floating in blood stream

51
Q

Embolism

A

Embolus obstructing a vessel (ex. pulmonary embolism)

52
Q

Prevention methods for abnormal blood clotting (life-style)

A

Exercise

Maintain healthy weight (do not consume foods high in cholesterol)

Drinking water

Wearing loose clothing

53
Q

Prevention methods for abnormal blood clotting (drugs)

A

Taking blood thinner (for certain conditions)

Aspirin (lowers thromboxane A2)

Heparin

Warfarin (stops the production of vitamin K - for those with excessive clotting)

54
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

A condition in which one has an abnormally high amount of platelets in the blood (excessive clotting)

55
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

An abnormally low amount of platelets in blood (severe bleeding/failure to clot)

56
Q

Characteristics and distribution of ABO/Rh blood types in antigens + agglutinogens

A

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence of a glycoprotein and glycolipid (antigens/agglutinogens) on the surface of RBCs

ABO and Rh cause most vigorous transfusion reactions

Genetically controlled

Stimulate the production of antibodies

57
Q

Characteristics and distribution of ABO/Rh blood types in Rh

A

Indicates the presence of D antigen

Antigen (Rh) is present in 85% of humans

(+) = have D antigens present on surface of RBCs

(-) = do not have D antigens present of surfaces of RBCs

58
Q

Characteristics and distribution of ABO/Rh blood types in antibodies + agglutinins

A

Proteins in plasma that attack foreign antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) and rupture of RBCs (hemolysis)

Can cause a potentially fatal reaction

59
Q

Type A (positive and negative designation of Rh antigen)

A

(+) = A antigens, anti-B antibodies, D antigens

(-) = A antigens, anti-B antibodies, potential anti-D antibodies

60
Q

Type B (positive and negative designation of Rh antigen)

A

(+) = B antigens, anti-A antibodies, D antigens

(-) = B antigens, anti-A antibodies, potential anti-D antibodies

61
Q

Type AB (positive and negative designation of Rh antigen)

A

(+) = AB antigens, no antibodies, D antigens

(-) = AB antigens, no antibodies, potential anti-D antibodies

62
Q

Type O (positive and negative designation of Rh antigen)

A

(+) = no antigens, AB antibodies, D antigens

(-) = no antigens, AB antibodies, potential anti-D antibodies

63
Q

Explain why a universal donor has its specific blood type designation

A

Type O

Contains no antigens to cause reaction in those that have blood with opposing antibodies

64
Q

Explain why a universal recipient has its specific blood type designation

A

Type AB

Contains no antibodies to cause reactions when interacting with antigens

65
Q

Agglutination

A

A mechanism used when one’s blood interacts with a blood that is not compatible with their own. Results in clumping of blood

66
Q

What are the two ways Rh incompatibility can occur?

A

Anti-Rh antibodies do not form spontaneously, and they form:

If Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood

Rh- mom is carrying Rh+ fetus:
- At birth, small amounts of fetal blood are leaked into maternal circulation

  • Mother can develop antibodies against the Rh factor
  • This can affect her next pregnancy if her next child is Rh+ (which can cause agglutination and hemolysis during next child’s birth)
67
Q

Erythroblasts fetalis

A

When mother develops antibodies against Rh factor, which can affect her child is she chooses to get pregnant again (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Prevention method would be Rhogam injection

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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