Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 3 - Chapter 20/21 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 20/21 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Drain interstitial fluid - move excess fluid into lymphatic vessels to become lymph, vessels return tissue fluid to bloodstream

Transport dietary fats

Carry out immune response - lymphatic system consists of several structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and fluid called lymph that flows within the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Role of primary lymphatic structures

A

Aid in production and early selection of lymphocytes organs where immune cells become immunocompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of red bone marrow in primary lymphatic structures

A

Helps with production and maturation of B-cells (which play a role with antibody-mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Role of thymus in primary lymphatic structures

A

Helps with maturation of T-cells (which plays a role with cell-mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of spleen

A

Blood-rich organ that is the largest lymphoid organ (has a thin capsule)

Direct blood flow or severe infection may cause it to rupture (amy require splenectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of spleen

A

Act as a site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response

Cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets (macrophages remove debris)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics and function of thymus

A

Located where cells become immunocompetent

Extremely active during childhood

Plays a vital role in building immune system

Helps with maturation of T-cells (cell-mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of lymph nodes

A

Principle secondary lymphoid organs of body

Found all over the body and contains masses of lymphoid tissue (can become secondary cancer sites)

Contains afferent lymphatic vessels that deliver lymph from tissue, neutralize/destroy its toxins, and move it elsewhere (through efferent lymphatic vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Cleanse/filter lymph nodes - macrophages remove/destroy microorganisms and debris that enter the lymph; prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to blood

Activate immune system - offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack antigens; enlarge during immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the formation of lymph

A

Lymphatic vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries (which are located b/t cells of many tissues). Capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels which have thin walls and many valves (due to low BP)

From lymphatic vessels, lymph (originally interstitial fluid excess formed from plasma) passes through lymph nodes and into lymph trunks and the trunks merge to form ducts (thoracic duct/right lymphatic duct)

Eventually lymph drainage will be returned to blood stream (subclavian veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the flow of lymph through the major lymph vessels

A

Interstitial fluid → lymphatic capillary → afferent lymphatic vessel → lymphatic node → efferent lymphatic vessel → lymphatic trunk → lymphatic duct → subclavian vein (blood stream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Protect against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Characteristics of antigens

A

Substance that is typically foreign to the body that evokes an immune response (involves the production of antibodies)

Has reactivity and immunogenicity

Contain epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epitopes

A

Small parts of a large antigen molecule that act as triggers for immune responses (usually recognized on self as non-invasive but from donor as foreign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of antibodies

A

Immunoglobulin, gamma, globulin

Y-shaped proteins secreted/produced by plasma cells are responsible for attacking foreign substances (antigens)

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IgG

A

Most abundant (80% of antibodies)

Found in blood, lymph, and intestines

Monomer (one-unit) structure

Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering complement system

Only class of antibody to cross placenta from mother to fetus

17
Q

IgA

A

Makes up 10-15% of antibodies

Found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions (smaller quantities in blood/lymph)

Monomers and dimers (two-unit) structures

Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection

Provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses

18
Q

IgM

A

About 5-10% of antibodies

Found in lymph

Pentamer (four-unit) structure

Present as monomers of B-cells (serve as antigen receptors)

First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to any antigen

Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes

In blood plasma, anti-A and anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group, which bind to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusions are also IgM antibodies

19
Q

IgD

A

About 0.2% of antibodies

Found on surfaces of B cells as antigen receptors

Monomers

Involved in activation of B-cells

20
Q

IgE

A

Less than 0.1% of antibodies

Monomers

Located on mast cells and basophils

Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

Provides protection against parasitic worms

21
Q

Innate immunity

A

A wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins

Immunity we are born with

Non-specific

22
Q

What is the 1st line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membrane

Mechanical barrier (tears, saliva, mucus, cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, vomiting, etc.)

23
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense?

A

Internal defense

Chemical barrier (sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice)

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer, inflammation, fever

24
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense?

A

Known as adaptive immunity

Body’s ability to defend itself against SPECIFIC invading agents (specific memory, divides into cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity)

25
Q

Function of T-cells

A

Responsible for cell-mediated immunity (T-lymphocytes directly attack infected cell)

26
Q

Mature T-cells includes?

A

Cytotoxic T-cells and Helper T-cells

Both have antigens

27
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 glycoproteins)

A

Can become memory cytotoxic T-cells or clone with the aid of helper T-cells

Leave lymphatic tissues and attack invading antigens

Cell-mediated immunity is directed against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells, and tissue transplants

28
Q

Helper T-cells (CD4 glycoproteins)

A

Secrete interleukins which promote the activation of T-cells

The production of more T-cells leads to the production of memory T-cells which leads to the activation of B-cells

29
Q

Function of B-cells

A

Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (plasma producing antibodies)

30
Q

Mature B-cells include?

A

B-cells

31
Q

B-cells

A

Activated with the help of helper T-cells

Help with the production of plasma cells and memory B-cells

Antibodies bind to and inactivate antigens in body fluids

Antibody-mediated immunity is directed against extracellular pathogens

32
Q

Natural immunity

A

Stimulated by the environment (ex. coming into contact with pathogen and becoming sick)

33
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Stimulated by medical intervention (ex. vaccine)

34
Q

Active immunity

A

When a person produces its own antibodies and delayed protection is permanent

35
Q

Passive immunity

A

When a person receives antibodies from an outside source and instant protection is temporary (antibodies will be destroyed with time)

36
Q

Example of natural active immunity

A

Person encounters pathogen directly and has primary immune response (they get sick)

37
Q

Example of natural passive immunity

A

Baby receives antibodies through placenta or breast milk (protected for about 6-8 months after birth)

38
Q

Example of artificial active immunity

A

Person receives vaccine and has weak primary immune response

39
Q

Example of artificial passive immunity

A

Person receives antibodies though shot (antiserum)

Protection lasts until antibodies break down (2-3 weeks)

Gamma, globulin shot is an example

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions