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A&P Winter 2023 > Exam 3 - Chapter 19 Deck > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Chapter 19 Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Blood flow from the heart to the lungs

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3
Q

List order to systemic blood flow

A

Arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

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4
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest branches of arteries

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels

Location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries

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8
Q

Veins

A

Return blood back to heart

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9
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A

Walls of arteries are elastic, allowing them to absorb pressure created by ventricles as they pump blood into the arteries

Smooth muscles in tunica media allows them to regulate diameter

Have thicker muscular walls, under high pressure, most carry oxygenated blood

Carry oxygenated blood for systemic circulation, deoxygenated for pulmonary circulation

Contain lamina to help keep arteries elastic due to high BP

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10
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Conducting arteries

Have large diameters

More elastic fibers with less smooth muscle

Function as pressure reservoirs

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11
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Distributing arteries

Have medium diameters

More smooth muscle with fewer elastic fibers

Distribute blood to various parts of the body

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12
Q

Anastomoses

A

Union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same region of the body

Provides alternate route of blood flow

Arteries do not form anastomosis are called “end arteries” so if an artery is blocked, blood cannot get to that particular region of the body and necrosis can occur

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13
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Formed from union of several venules

Have a thinner tunica interna and media, also has a thicker tunica externa than arteries

Have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries

Contain valves (due to low BP)

Serve as blood reservoirs, transport blood toward the heart, and have large lumens

No elastic lamina (due to low BP)

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14
Q

Characteristics of venules

A

Smallest veins that are formed by the union of several capillaries

Drain blood from capillaries into veins

Carry deoxygenated blood for systemic circulation, and oxygenated blood for pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

Layers of blood vessel

A

Tunica interna (tunica intima) - innermost layer; adjacent to lumen

Tunica media - middle layer; smooth muscles, and elastic fibers

Tunica externa - outermost layer; adjacent to surrounding tissue

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16
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules

Walls composed of a single layer of cells and a basement membranes

Capillaries permit exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells (due to thin walls)

Branches form an extensive capillary network throughout tissues that are found neart almost every cell in the body

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17
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Most common

Permit limited passage and exchange

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18
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

In kidneys

Filters small molecules and additional substances

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19
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

A

In liver

“Leaky” - allow passage of large molecules and recycled RBC components

More permeable

Contain intercellular clefts and fenestrations

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20
Q

Substances can cross capillary walls through what three processes?

A

Diffusion (O2, CO2, glucose, amino acids, hormones)

Transcytosis (lipid-soluble molecules, such as insulin)

Bulk flow

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21
Q

Bulk flow

A

A process in which a large number of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction

Occurs from an area of higher pressure to an area of low pressure

Continues as long as pressure difference exists

Important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid/moving substances to/from interstitials fluid to blood (capillaries)

22
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promotes filtration

Outward force

23
Q

Reabsorption

A

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) promote absorption

Inward force

24
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

BP, determined by blood

Outward force that pushes molecules out

Filtration pressure

25
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Determined by presence of solutes (ion, organic molecules)

Inward force that draws things in

Reabsorption pressure

26
Q

What kind of pressure does capillary blood generally has?

A

Osmotic

27
Q

Blood flow

A

Volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period

28
Q

Total blood flow

A

Same as cardiac output

Volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

CO = HR x SV
CO = mean arterial pressure/resistance

29
Q

BP is determined by?

A

CO, blood volume, and vascular resistance

30
Q

Higher BP results in greater blood flow, which indicates?

A

Higher CO

31
Q

Higher stroke volume results in greater blood flow, which indicates?

A

Higher BP

32
Q

Higher heart rate results in greater blood flow, which indicates?

A

Higher BP

33
Q

Higher cardiac output results in greater blood flow, which indicates?

A

Higher BP

34
Q

Higher vascular resistance results in lesser blood flow, which indicates?

A

Higher BP

35
Q

Increased sympathetic stimulation indicates?

A

Higher HR

36
Q

Increased parasympathetic stimulation indicates?

A

Lower HR

37
Q

Preload

A

Degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract

Most important factor in preload stretching of cardiac muscle is venous return

38
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject blood

Back pressure from arterial blood pushing on SL valves is major pressure

39
Q

Vascular resistance (R)

A

The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels

So the higher the R, the smaller the blood flow

40
Q

The size of the blood vessel lumen and vascular resistance

A

Smaller diameter = higher R

41
Q

Blood viscosity and vascular resistance

A

Flowability/measure of fluid’s thickness

Blood is more viscous than water because it contains formed elements and plasma proteins

Higher viscosity = higher R

42
Q

Total blood vessel length and vascular resistance

A

The longer the vessel, the greater the resistance

43
Q

Venous return

A

Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins

Occurs due to the pressure generated by contractions of the heart’s left ventricle

44
Q

Venous return is assisted by?

A

Valves

Respiratory pump (inhaling decreases thoracic pressure, exhaling increases thoracic pressure)

Skeletal muscle pump (contraction of skeletal muscles causes vein to squeeze which moves blood to return to the heart)

Increased vasoconstriction increases venous return, increases BP, and increases SVR

45
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Pressure difference between the beginning of arteries and end of vascular system in largest veins

46
Q

Systemic arterial BP is measured by?

A

Sphygomanometer

47
Q

Describe the measurement of blood pressure

A

Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow

Increases pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery

Pressure released slower and examiner listens for sounds of Korotkoff with a stethoscope

48
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery (less than 120 mm Hg)

49
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure when sounds disappear because artery is no longer constricted (less than 80 mm Hg)

50
Q

Function of hepatic portal system

A

Deliver deoxygenated blood to the liver to be detoxified further before it returns to the heart

51
Q

Purpose of hepatic portal vein

A

Takes blood filled with harmful substances/toxins and brings it into the liver to be neutralized

A&P Winter 2023 (9 decks)

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