Exam 4 - Chapter 16. Heart Flashcards
4
What are the two valves on the right side of the heart?
4
What are the two valves on the left side of the heart?
4
Describe the blood coming to the left side of the heart and where it is coming from.
4
Describe the blood coming to the right side of the heart and where it is coming from.
8
What is congestive heart failure?
8
What is the common end stage of many forms of chronic heart disease?
8
Where is the resulting congestion if the left side of the heart is not working properly?
8
Where is the resulting congestion if the right side of the heart is not working properly?
9
What is the cause and effect of diastolic heart failure?
9
What is the cause and effect of systolic heart failure?
10
What is the inability of the heart chambers to expand called?
10
What are three causes of diastolic dysfunction?
10
What is the deterioration of myocardial contracile function called?
10
What are two causes of systolic dysfunction?
11
Describe the “At Risk” stage of heart failure.
11
Describe the “pre-heart failure” stage of heart failure.
11
What are two symptoms of heart failure?
11
Do the symptoms respond to treatment in advanced heart failure?
12
Left sided heart failure for venous return from the lungs results in what?
12
Left sided heart failure for supplying body organs leads to ______.
12
Right sided heart failure for venous return from the body organs leads to ________.
12
Right sided heart failure for pumping blood into the lungs happens because of _______
13
Causes of left sided heart failure:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- ______
13
Clinical and Morphological Effects of Left SidedHeart Failure:
- _______
- _______
- ________
13
Clinical Signs of Left Sided Heart Failure
- ______
- _____
- ______
- ______
- ________
13
Causes of Right Sided HEart Failure:
- _______
- _______
13
Clinical and Morphological Effects of Right Sided Heart Failure:
- _______
- ________
13
Clinical Signs of Right Sided Heart Failure:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ______
15
What is treatment of Chronic Heart Failure initially focused on?
15
What are two general treatments for Congestive Heart Failure?
15
Pharmacological Agents for Congestive Heart Failure:
- _____
- _____
- _______
15
What is the effect of diuretics on congestive heart failure?
15
What is the effect of positive inotropes on congestive heart failure?
15
What is the effect of ACE-inhibitors on congestive heart failure?
15
Congestive heart failure remains a serious cause of ______ and _____.
16
What is Cor Pulmonale?
16
Causes of Cor Pulmonale:
- ________ (most common cause)
- _______
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ______
- ______
17
What are the symptoms of Cor Pulmonale?
17
What are three ways to diagnose Cor Pulmonale?
17
What is the treatment for Cor Pulmonale?
19
What is congenital heart disease?
19
Most congenital heart diseases arise from ______ during _______.
19
Anomalies compatible with live birth:
- _________
- ______
- _________
19
What are outflow tract anomalies?
20
Congenital Heart Disease Etiology:
- ______
- ______
- ______
- _______
- ______
20
What nutritional supplementation can reduce the risk of the Congenital Heart Disease?
20
What is an example of an environmental exposure that is a cause of congenital heart failure?
20
What is a drug that could cause congenital heart disease?
22
What are the two categories of Congenital Heart Failure?
22
What are Shunts?
22
What do Shunts allow?
22
What do obstructive lesions in congenital heart disease cause?
23
What is the most common Congenital Heart Disease?
23
Describe the pressure in a left to right shunt?
23
Does a left to right shunt have cyanosis initially?
23
When does cyanosis develop for a left to right shunt?
23
Left to Right Shunts include:
- _____
- _______
- _______
23
Describe the pressure in a Right to Left Shunt.
23
Is there cyanosis initially in a right to left shunt?
23
Right to left shunts include:
- _______
- _______
24
Long standing left-to-right shunts lead to _______.
26
What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation first diagnosed in adults?
28
Why are there no symptoms in childhood in an atrial septal defect?
28
What may reduce atrial septal defect and produce cyanosis?
27
What is the most common congenital heart disease diagnosed at birth?
27
Is a Ventricular Septal defect more likely to show symptoms compared to an Atrial Septal Defect?
27
Symptoms of Ventricular Septal DefectsL
- _____
- _____
- ______
27
Most Ventricular Septal Defects are _____ and close _____.
28
When should the ductus arteriosus close?
28
What is the ductus arteriosus?
28
Are there symptoms in small Patent Ductus Arteriosus?
28
Symptoms of Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus:
- ______
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ______
28
Patent Ductus Arteriosus can be corrected with ____ or ____.
28
Eventually if patent ductus arteriosus is not corrected, the shunt reverses due to ______ and _____ develops.
29
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
29
What kind of defect in Tetralogy of Fallot?
29
Describe the aorta in Tetralogy of Fallot?
29
Describe the pulmonary artery in Tetralogy of Fallot.
29
Do untreated Tetralogy of Fallot patients often survive in adulthood?
30
What is Transposition of the Great Arteries?
30
What is the main clinical sign of Transposition of the Great Arteries?
30
If untreated, what percent of infants will die in the first month of life? What percent will die in the first year of life?
30
What percent of infant survive after surgery in Transposition of the Great Arteries?
31
What is Coarctation of the Aorta?
31
Coarctation of the aorta results in higher blood pressure in the _______.
31
Where are weak pulses seen in coarctation of the aorta?
31
What is intermittent claudication in Coarctation of the Aorta?
31
What size is the heart in Coarctation of the Aorta?
31
What can happen to the aorta in Coarctation of the Aorta?
31
9/10 adults with untreated coarctation of the aorta do not survive to what year?
33
Ischemic Heart Disease Causes:
- _________, leading to ______.
- _______
- ________
- _________
33
What are epicardial arteries and what do they supply?
34
Consequences of Ischemic Heart Disease:
- _______
- _______
- _______
- ______
34
Is ischemia in angina pectoris severe enough to cause infarction?
34
what can ischemia in myocardial infarction cause?
35
What is Angina pectoris?
35
Angina Pectoris is a sign of increased risk of _____.
35
Angina Pectoris is triggered by:
- ______
- ______
- ______
36
Symptoms of Angina Pectoris:
- ____________
- ____________
36
Types of Angina Pectoris:
- ______
- _______
- _______
37
What is the cause of Stable Angina Pectoris?
37
Symptoms of Stable Angina Pectoris:
______ described as _________, _____, or ________
37
Discomfort in chest in Stable Angina Pectoris is produced by _______, _____, or ______.
37
Treatment of Stable Angina Pectoris:
- _______ and/or _______
- _______
37
What is the cause of Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?
37
What are the symptoms of Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?
37
What is the treatment for Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?
37
What is the cause of Unstable Angina Pectoris?
37
Symptoms of Angina Pectoris:
- _______
- _______
- _________
37
Treatment for Unstable Angina Pectoris:
- ______
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ______
38
Causes of Myocardial Infarcation:
- _______
- _______
- ______
- ______
38
Necrosis begins within _____ minutes of myocardial infarction and reaches full size with _____ hours.
38
Myocardial infarction begins in _______.
38
Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction:
- _____
- ______
- ______
38
Complication of Myocardial Infarction:
- ______
- _______
- _______
- _______
38
Treatment for Myocardial Infarction:
- ______
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ______
41
Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death:
- ______ (most common)
- ___________
- _________ due to ________
44
What are Arrhythmias?
44
Where can Arrhythmias be initiated?
44
What are Arrhythmias due to in a structurally normal heart?
46
Causes of Hypertensive Heart Disease:
- _____
- _____
46
Symptoms of Ventricular Heart Disease:
- _____
- ______
- ______
- _____
- ______
46
Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease:
- ______
- ______
- _____
- _____
49
Characteristics of Calcficic Aortic Stenosis:
- ________; evolve over the years to cause ______
- _______
49
What are the features of calcific aortic stenosis?
49
What are the consequences of calcific aortic stenosis?
49
Treatment of Calcific Aortic Stenosis:
- _____
- _______
49
Characteristics of Mitral Valve Prolapse:
- ______
- ______
49
What syndrome is Mitral Valve prolapse seen in?
49
Features (Symptoms) of Mitral Valve Prolapse:
- _____
- _____
- _____
49
Consequences of Mitral Valve Prolapse:
- ____
- _____
49
Treatment of Mitral Valve Prolapse?
49
Causes of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:
- ______
- _____
- _______
49
Features (Symptoms) of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ______
49
Consequences of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:
- _____
- ______
49
Treatment of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:
Depends on the ______ (____, ______, _____)
49
Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis:
- _____
- _____
49
Features (Symptoms) of Infective Endocarditis:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- _____
- _____
49
Consequence of Infective Endocarditis?
49
Treatment of Infective Endocarditis?
54
What is seen in Lupus Erythematosus Endocarditis?
57
What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is dilated?
57
What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is dilated?
57
Causes of a dilated heart:
- _____
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ______
- ______
57
Secondary Myocardial Dysfunctions associated with dilated heart:
- _____
- ______
- ______
57
What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is hypertrophic?
57
What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is hypertrophic?
57
Causes of hypertrophic heart failure:
- ____
- _____
57
Secondary myocardial dysfunctions associated with hypertrophic heart:
- _____
- _____
57
What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is restrictive?
57
What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is restrictive?
57
Causes of Restrictive Heart:
- ____
- _____
- ______
57
What is a secondary myocardial dysfunction associated with restrictive heart?
60
What is myocarditis?
60
Causes of myocarditis:
- _______ (____, _____, _____, ____)
- ___________
60
Varied presentation of myocarditis:
- _____
- ______
- _____
63
Abnormalities of the Pericardium:
- ____
- ______
- ______
64
Infectious agents causing pericarditis:
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
64
Presumably immunoligically mediated causes of pericarditis:
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ______
64
Miscellaenous causes of pericarditis:
- _____
- ______
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ______
66
Causes of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:
- _____
- ____
- _____
- _____
66
Clinical Features of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:
- ____
- _____
- ______
- _____
66
Treatment of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:
- ____
- _____
- _____
66
Causes of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:
- _____
- ____
- ____
- _____
- _____
66
Clinical Features of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ____
66
Treatment of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:
- ____
- ______
66
Causes of Chronic Fibrosing Pericarditis:
- _____
- ____
- _____
- _____
66
Clinical Features of Chronic, Fibrosis Pericarditis:
- ____
- ____
- ____
- _____
- ____
66
What is the treatment for Chronic, Fibrosing Pericarditis?
69
What are Pericardial Effusions?
69
Types of Pericardial Effusions:
- _____
- _______
- _____
69
Causes of Serous Pericardial Effusions:
- ____
- _____
69
What are two characteristics of a serosanginous pericardial effusion?
69
Causes of Serosanguineous Pericardial Effusions:
- _____
- ______
69
What is a characteristic of Chylous Pericardial Effusions?
69
What is the cause of Chylous Pericardial Effusions?
69
Are pericardial effusions often symptomatic or asymptomatic?
69
What is cardiac tamponande?
69
Pericardial effusions are relatively common in patients with ______.
72
What is Hemopericardium?
72
Causes of Hemopericardium:
- ____
- ____
- _____
