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Pathology > Exam 4 - Chapter 16. Heart > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 16. Heart Flashcards

1
Q

4

What are the two valves on the right side of the heart?

A
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2
Q

4

What are the two valves on the left side of the heart?

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3
Q

4

Describe the blood coming to the left side of the heart and where it is coming from.

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4
Q

4

Describe the blood coming to the right side of the heart and where it is coming from.

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5
Q

8

What is congestive heart failure?

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6
Q

8

What is the common end stage of many forms of chronic heart disease?

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7
Q

8

Where is the resulting congestion if the left side of the heart is not working properly?

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8
Q

8

Where is the resulting congestion if the right side of the heart is not working properly?

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9
Q

9

What is the cause and effect of diastolic heart failure?

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10
Q

9

What is the cause and effect of systolic heart failure?

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11
Q

10

What is the inability of the heart chambers to expand called?

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12
Q

10

What are three causes of diastolic dysfunction?

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13
Q

10

What is the deterioration of myocardial contracile function called?

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14
Q

10

What are two causes of systolic dysfunction?

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15
Q

11

Describe the “At Risk” stage of heart failure.

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16
Q

11

Describe the “pre-heart failure” stage of heart failure.

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17
Q

11

What are two symptoms of heart failure?

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18
Q

11

Do the symptoms respond to treatment in advanced heart failure?

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19
Q

12

Left sided heart failure for venous return from the lungs results in what?

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20
Q

12

Left sided heart failure for supplying body organs leads to ______.

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21
Q

12

Right sided heart failure for venous return from the body organs leads to ________.

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22
Q

12

Right sided heart failure for pumping blood into the lungs happens because of _______

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23
Q

13

Causes of left sided heart failure:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. ______
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24
Q

13

Clinical and Morphological Effects of Left SidedHeart Failure:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. ________
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25
Q

13

Clinical Signs of Left Sided Heart Failure

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ________
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26
Q

13

Causes of Right Sided HEart Failure:

  1. _______
  2. _______
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27
Q

13

Clinical and Morphological Effects of Right Sided Heart Failure:

  1. _______
  2. ________
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28
Q

13

Clinical Signs of Right Sided Heart Failure:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. ______
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29
Q

15

What is treatment of Chronic Heart Failure initially focused on?

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30
Q

15

What are two general treatments for Congestive Heart Failure?

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31
Q

15

Pharmacological Agents for Congestive Heart Failure:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _______
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32
Q

15

What is the effect of diuretics on congestive heart failure?

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33
Q

15

What is the effect of positive inotropes on congestive heart failure?

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34
Q

15

What is the effect of ACE-inhibitors on congestive heart failure?

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35
Q

15

Congestive heart failure remains a serious cause of ______ and _____.

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36
Q

16

What is Cor Pulmonale?

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37
Q

16

Causes of Cor Pulmonale:

  1. ________ (most common cause)
  2. _______
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. _____
  6. ______
  7. ______
A
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38
Q

17

What are the symptoms of Cor Pulmonale?

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39
Q

17

What are three ways to diagnose Cor Pulmonale?

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40
Q

17

What is the treatment for Cor Pulmonale?

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41
Q

19

What is congenital heart disease?

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42
Q

19

Most congenital heart diseases arise from ______ during _______.

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43
Q

19

Anomalies compatible with live birth:

  1. _________
  2. ______
  3. _________
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44
Q

19

What are outflow tract anomalies?

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45
Q

20

Congenital Heart Disease Etiology:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _______
  5. ______
A
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46
Q

20

What nutritional supplementation can reduce the risk of the Congenital Heart Disease?

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47
Q

20

What is an example of an environmental exposure that is a cause of congenital heart failure?

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48
Q

20

What is a drug that could cause congenital heart disease?

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49
Q

22

What are the two categories of Congenital Heart Failure?

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50
Q

22

What are Shunts?

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51
Q

22

What do Shunts allow?

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52
Q

22

What do obstructive lesions in congenital heart disease cause?

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53
Q

23

What is the most common Congenital Heart Disease?

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54
Q

23

Describe the pressure in a left to right shunt?

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55
Q

23

Does a left to right shunt have cyanosis initially?

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56
Q

23

When does cyanosis develop for a left to right shunt?

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57
Q

23

Left to Right Shunts include:

  1. _____
  2. _______
  3. _______
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58
Q

23

Describe the pressure in a Right to Left Shunt.

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59
Q

23

Is there cyanosis initially in a right to left shunt?

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60
Q

23

Right to left shunts include:

  1. _______
  2. _______
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61
Q

24

Long standing left-to-right shunts lead to _______.

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62
Q

26

What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation first diagnosed in adults?

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63
Q

28

Why are there no symptoms in childhood in an atrial septal defect?

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64
Q

28

What may reduce atrial septal defect and produce cyanosis?

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65
Q

27

What is the most common congenital heart disease diagnosed at birth?

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66
Q

27

Is a Ventricular Septal defect more likely to show symptoms compared to an Atrial Septal Defect?

A
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67
Q

27

Symptoms of Ventricular Septal DefectsL

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. ______
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68
Q

27

Most Ventricular Septal Defects are _____ and close _____.

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69
Q

28

When should the ductus arteriosus close?

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70
Q

28

What is the ductus arteriosus?

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71
Q

28

Are there symptoms in small Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

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72
Q

28

Symptoms of Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. ______
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73
Q

28

Patent Ductus Arteriosus can be corrected with ____ or ____.

A
74
Q

28

Eventually if patent ductus arteriosus is not corrected, the shunt reverses due to ______ and _____ develops.

A
75
Q

29

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
76
Q

29

What kind of defect in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
77
Q

29

Describe the aorta in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
78
Q

29

Describe the pulmonary artery in Tetralogy of Fallot.

A
79
Q

29

Do untreated Tetralogy of Fallot patients often survive in adulthood?

A
80
Q

30

What is Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A
81
Q

30

What is the main clinical sign of Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A
82
Q

30

If untreated, what percent of infants will die in the first month of life? What percent will die in the first year of life?

A
83
Q

30

What percent of infant survive after surgery in Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A
84
Q

31

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
85
Q

31

Coarctation of the aorta results in higher blood pressure in the _______.

A
86
Q

31

Where are weak pulses seen in coarctation of the aorta?

A
87
Q

31

What is intermittent claudication in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
88
Q

31

What size is the heart in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
89
Q

31

What can happen to the aorta in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A
90
Q

31

9/10 adults with untreated coarctation of the aorta do not survive to what year?

A
91
Q

33

Ischemic Heart Disease Causes:

  1. _________, leading to ______.
  2. _______
  3. ________
  4. _________
A
92
Q

33

What are epicardial arteries and what do they supply?

A
93
Q

34

Consequences of Ischemic Heart Disease:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
  4. ______
A
94
Q

34

Is ischemia in angina pectoris severe enough to cause infarction?

A
95
Q

34

what can ischemia in myocardial infarction cause?

A
96
Q

35

What is Angina pectoris?

A
97
Q

35

Angina Pectoris is a sign of increased risk of _____.

A
98
Q

35

Angina Pectoris is triggered by:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
A
99
Q

36

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris:

  1. ____________
  2. ____________
A
100
Q

36

Types of Angina Pectoris:

  1. ______
  2. _______
  3. _______
A
101
Q

37

What is the cause of Stable Angina Pectoris?

A
102
Q

37

Symptoms of Stable Angina Pectoris:

______ described as _________, _____, or ________

A
103
Q

37

Discomfort in chest in Stable Angina Pectoris is produced by _______, _____, or ______.

A
104
Q

37

Treatment of Stable Angina Pectoris:

  1. _______ and/or _______
  2. _______
A
105
Q

37

What is the cause of Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?

A
106
Q

37

What are the symptoms of Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?

A
107
Q

37

What is the treatment for Prinzmetal Angina Pectoris?

A
108
Q

37

What is the cause of Unstable Angina Pectoris?

A
109
Q

37

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _________
A
110
Q

37

Treatment for Unstable Angina Pectoris:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. ______
A
111
Q

38

Causes of Myocardial Infarcation:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. ______
  4. ______
A
112
Q

38

Necrosis begins within _____ minutes of myocardial infarction and reaches full size with _____ hours.

A
113
Q

38

Myocardial infarction begins in _______.

A
114
Q

38

Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. ______
A
115
Q

38

Complication of Myocardial Infarction:

  1. ______
  2. _______
  3. _______
  4. _______
A
116
Q

38

Treatment for Myocardial Infarction:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. ______
A
117
Q

41

Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death:

  1. ______ (most common)
  2. ___________
  3. _________ due to ________
A
118
Q

44

What are Arrhythmias?

A
119
Q

44

Where can Arrhythmias be initiated?

A
120
Q

44

What are Arrhythmias due to in a structurally normal heart?

A
121
Q

46

Causes of Hypertensive Heart Disease:

  1. _____
  2. _____
A
122
Q

46

Symptoms of Ventricular Heart Disease:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. ______
A
123
Q

46

Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. _____
  4. _____
A
124
Q

49

Characteristics of Calcficic Aortic Stenosis:

  1. ________; evolve over the years to cause ______
  2. _______
A
125
Q

49

What are the features of calcific aortic stenosis?

A
126
Q

49

What are the consequences of calcific aortic stenosis?

A
127
Q

49

Treatment of Calcific Aortic Stenosis:

  1. _____
  2. _______
A
128
Q

49

Characteristics of Mitral Valve Prolapse:

  1. ______
  2. ______
A
129
Q

49

What syndrome is Mitral Valve prolapse seen in?

A
130
Q

49

Features (Symptoms) of Mitral Valve Prolapse:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
A
131
Q

49

Consequences of Mitral Valve Prolapse:

  1. ____
  2. _____
A
132
Q

49

Treatment of Mitral Valve Prolapse?

A
133
Q

49

Causes of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. _______
A
134
Q

49

Features (Symptoms) of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:

  1. ______
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. ______
A
135
Q

49

Consequences of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:

  1. _____
  2. ______
A
136
Q

49

Treatment of Rheumatic Fever Associated VD:

Depends on the ______ (____, ______, _____)

A
137
Q

49

Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis:

  1. _____
  2. _____
A
138
Q

49

Features (Symptoms) of Infective Endocarditis:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. _____
A
139
Q

49

Consequence of Infective Endocarditis?

A
140
Q

49

Treatment of Infective Endocarditis?

A
141
Q

54

What is seen in Lupus Erythematosus Endocarditis?

A
142
Q

57

What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is dilated?

A
143
Q

57

What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is dilated?

A
144
Q

57

Causes of a dilated heart:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. ______
  6. ______
A
145
Q

57

Secondary Myocardial Dysfunctions associated with dilated heart:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. ______
A
146
Q

57

What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is hypertrophic?

A
147
Q

57

What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is hypertrophic?

A
148
Q

57

Causes of hypertrophic heart failure:

  1. ____
  2. _____
A
149
Q

57

Secondary myocardial dysfunctions associated with hypertrophic heart:

  1. _____
  2. _____
A
150
Q

57

What is the left ventricular ejection fraction when the heart is restrictive?

A
151
Q

57

What is the mechanism of heart failure when the heart is restrictive?

A
152
Q

57

Causes of Restrictive Heart:

  1. ____
  2. _____
  3. ______
A
153
Q

57

What is a secondary myocardial dysfunction associated with restrictive heart?

A
154
Q

60

What is myocarditis?

A
155
Q

60

Causes of myocarditis:

  1. _______ (____, _____, _____, ____)
  2. ___________
A
156
Q

60

Varied presentation of myocarditis:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. _____
A
157
Q

63

Abnormalities of the Pericardium:

  1. ____
  2. ______
  3. ______
A
158
Q

64

Infectious agents causing pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. _____
  5. _____
A
159
Q

64

Presumably immunoligically mediated causes of pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. ______
A
160
Q

64

Miscellaenous causes of pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. _____
  5. _____
  6. ______
A
161
Q

66

Causes of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. ____
  3. _____
  4. _____
A
162
Q

66

Clinical Features of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:

  1. ____
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. _____
A
163
Q

66

Treatment of Fibrinous and Serofibrinous Pericarditis:

  1. ____
  2. _____
  3. _____
A
164
Q

66

Causes of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. ____
  3. ____
  4. _____
  5. _____
A
165
Q

66

Clinical Features of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. _____
  4. ____
A
166
Q

66

Treatment of Purulent (Bacterial) Pericarditis:

  1. ____
  2. ______
A
167
Q

66

Causes of Chronic Fibrosing Pericarditis:

  1. _____
  2. ____
  3. _____
  4. _____
A
168
Q

66

Clinical Features of Chronic, Fibrosis Pericarditis:

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____
  4. _____
  5. ____
A
169
Q

66

What is the treatment for Chronic, Fibrosing Pericarditis?

A
170
Q

69

What are Pericardial Effusions?

A
171
Q

69

Types of Pericardial Effusions:

  1. _____
  2. _______
  3. _____
A
172
Q

69

Causes of Serous Pericardial Effusions:

  1. ____
  2. _____
A
173
Q

69

What are two characteristics of a serosanginous pericardial effusion?

A
174
Q

69

Causes of Serosanguineous Pericardial Effusions:

  1. _____
  2. ______
A
175
Q

69

What is a characteristic of Chylous Pericardial Effusions?

A
176
Q

69

What is the cause of Chylous Pericardial Effusions?

A
177
Q

69

Are pericardial effusions often symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A
178
Q

69

What is cardiac tamponande?

A
179
Q

69

Pericardial effusions are relatively common in patients with ______.

A
180
Q

72

What is Hemopericardium?

A
181
Q

72

Causes of Hemopericardium:

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. _____
A

Pathology (8 decks)

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