Exam 3 - Chapter 10: Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Flashcards
1
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What does CFU-C stand for?
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2
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What does CFU-L stand for?
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3
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What are megakaryocytes?
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4
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What two things can pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S) differentiate into?
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5
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What are 5 things that CFU-C differentiate into?
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6
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What are 2 things that CFU-L can differentiate into?
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7
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What do B cells differentiate into?
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8
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What is the life span of erythroblasts in the bone marrow?
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9
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What is the life span of reticulocytes in the bone marrow and in the blood?
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10
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What is the life span of erythrocytes in the blood?
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11
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15
What is anemia?
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12
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What is hematocrit?
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What are the three subtypes of anemia?
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14
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What are the four vague symptoms of anemia?
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15
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What are three oral symptoms of anemia?
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16
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In what cases of anemia would you see atrophic glossitis?
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17
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What are 5 screening tests for anemia?
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18
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What does the RBC indices MCV stand for and what does it mean?
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19
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What does the RBC indices MCH stand for and what does it mean?
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20
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What does the peripheral blood smear morphology screening test evaluate?
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21
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What does the serum ferritin screening test for anemia measure?
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22
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What are four symptoms that would be seen in severe anemia?
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23
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What does microcytic mean?
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24
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What is the MCV in microcytic anemia?
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What does macrocytic mean?
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What is the MCV in macrocytic anemia?
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What does hypochromic mean?
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What is the MCH in hypochromic anemia?
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What does poikilocytosis mean?
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What does anisocytosis mean?
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What are target cells in anemia?
32
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Hemolytic anemias are an ____ rate of _______.
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Hemolytic anemias can be due to what 4 things?
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What is involved in hemolytic anemia of mechanical injury?
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What causes microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
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What are two things that can result from microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is induced by ______ and is characterized by _____. ______, and _______.
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In immune mediated hemolytic anemias, red cells are _____ with _____, usually ______.
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What does the Coombs test detect?
40
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Opsonized RBCs are targets for removal by the _____, which recognizes them as abnormal.
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What percent of immune mediated hemolytic anemias are idiopathic?
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For the immune mediated hemolytic anemias that are not idiopathic, they are associated with another disease. What are 4 diseases that could cause immune mediated hemolytic anemias?
43
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Malaria may result in ______.
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The parasite that causes malaria, ______, can directly _____.
45
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Hemoglobinopathies are a group of ______ characterized by the presence of a ________.
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Hemoglobinopathies result in _________ and often acute hemolysis under certain ______ and ______ stress.
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What are two examples associated with hemoglobinopathies that result in decreased red cell survival and acute hemolysis under certain biochemical and physiologic stress?
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What are the components of normal hemoglobin?
49
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How many amino acids long are the 2 alpha chains of hemoglobin?
50
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How many amino acids long are the 2 beta chains of hemoglobin?
51
33
What is the mutation that occurs in sickled RBCs (sickle cell anemia)?
52
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The change from glutamic acid to valine at the sixth position of the 146 amino acids of the beta chain leads to the formation of ________ and a change of the normal red blood cells to a sickle-shaped RBC.
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What type of inheritance pattern is Sickle Cell Anemia?
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Worldwide, sickle cell anemia is the most common form of _______.
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HbS polymerizes when it is _____ and it _____, producing the characteristic sickle shape.
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Heterozygotes for sickle cell anemia have about ____% HbS and ____% HbA. There is little tendency to sickle except under _______.
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What percent of African Americans are heterozygous for HbS?
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Sickled red cells are removed from circulation by the spleen, reducing their life span from ____ to ___ days.
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Sickled red cells may cause ________, resulting in ____ tissue injury.
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What are two complications associated with sickle cell anemia?
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What is autosplenectomy?
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What can be a finding on skull radiographs in someone with sickle cell anemia?
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What can be an oral radiographic finding on for a patient with sickle cell anemia?
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An oral manifestation of sickle cell anemia is ____ and ____ pain with absence of _____. This may be due to ______.
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In someone with sickle cell anemia, there may be ______ of the oral mucosa and _____ of teeth.
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In what percent of patients is the step ladder trabecular pattern in the mandible seen?
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_______ significantly lowers caries in children with Sickle Cell Anemia, by preventing infection by _______.
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40
What does the name Thalassemia mean?
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Thalasssemia is a ____ group of genetic disorders of Hb synthesis characterized by a ____ or _____ synthesis of _______.
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What is Beta thalassemia vs. Alpha thalassemia?
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Thalassemia is ____ and ______.
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How many genes are mutated in Thalassemia major?
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What are 6 symptoms seen in Thalassemia major?
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How many genes are mutated in Thalassemia minor?
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What are the symptoms in Thalassemia minor?
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What type of inheritance pattern is Thalassemia?
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What are 5 symptoms seen in alpha Thalassemia?
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What are 4 symptoms seen in Beta Thalassemia?
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How is diagnosis of Alpha and Beta Thalassemia made?
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What is the mutation associated with Alpha Thalassemia?
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What is the genetic mutation associated with Beta Thalassemia?
82
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In the homozygous condition of Alpha Thalassemia, _________ occurs and the fetus ______.
83
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In the homozygous condition of Beta Thalassemia, the fetus _______ because of _______. The child will have ______.
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What are two symptoms of severe hemolytic anemia?
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There are severe bone growth abnormalities in severe hemolytic anemia due to the _____ of the _________ that leads to _________.
86
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Why is there massive erythopoiesis in Thalassemia major?
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With Thalassemia major, death usually occurs in the ____ or ____ decade due to ________.
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Describe the size of the maxillary sinus in Thalassemia major.
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Describe the size of the maxilla in Thalassemia major.
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Describe the bone marrow spaces in Thalassemia major.
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In Thalassemia major, the roots are ____ shaped and ____.
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What is taurodontism?
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Describe the lamina dura in Thalassemia major.
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What are three features of Chipmunk face seen in Thalassemia major?
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In Thalassemia major there is _____ caries, but no increase in ___________.
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What may result in the increased caries in Thalassemia major?
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When doing dental procedures on Thalassemia patients, minimize stress or anxiety for patients through _____ and effective _______.
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What should you do to get clarity on whether extra precautions need to be taken for a thalassemia patient prior to invasive dental treatment?
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In patients with thalassemia, adrenaline-based local anesthesia may interfere with _______, so it is preferable to use _______.
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Thalassemia patients may have _____ due to iron deposition from blood transfusions.
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What is the term for anemia of suppression of bone marrow cells?
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What are the three anemias of diminished erythropoiesis?
103
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What is the term for anemia of autoimmune process?
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Aplastic anemia is suppression of __________ resulting in ______. There are reduced ___, ____, and _____.
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What percent of aplastic anemia cases are idiopathic?
106
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Known causes of aplastic anemia include toxic exposure to ____ and ____ such as benzene.
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What three drugs may cause aplasia of the marrow?
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Aplastic anemia is mediated by _______.
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What are two treatments for aplastic anemia?
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What are two oral manifestations of aplastic anemia?
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Hemorrhage in aplastic anemia includes _____ and spontaneous _______.
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What are the two types of anemia that result from iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the hemoglobin levels for iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the hematocrit levels for iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the MCV levels for iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the MCH levels for iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the serum ferritin levels for iron deficiency anemia?
118
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What is serum ferritin and what does it correlate well with?
119
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What is a good diagnostic test for iron deficiency anemia?
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What are the serum iron levels in iron deficiency anemia?
121
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What is the most important cause of iron deficiency anemia in developed countries?
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What causes chronic blood loss in women?
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What causes chronic blood loss in men?
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What is a common cause of chronic blood loss, especially for patients on NSAIDs?
125
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Some dietary causes of iron deficiency anemia include:
-Infants and children who are _______ beyond ____ or only given cow or goat milk.
-Some ______ diets also cause iron deficiency.
126
56
What is the term for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
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Vitamin B12 and folate are necessary for _____.
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In vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, RBCs are _____.
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What are megaloblasts?
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What are MCV values in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
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Uncorrected vitamin B12 deficiency leads to a ______ as well as anemia. Initially, the ______ nerves are involved, but as the disease progresses it involves the ______.
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Demyelination due to vitamin B12 deficiency is an _____ process.
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Vitamin B12 deficiency complication can cause _________ in the hands and feet.
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In older individuals with vitamin B12 deficiency complication, there may be ______ impairment that resembles ______.
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What is the term for the neuropsychiatric state that may develop from vitamin B12 deficiency complication?
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What is the initial treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
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In treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, once hematologic abnormalities are corrected, then _______ can be used since about ___% of oral dose is absorbed without the need for ______.
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What are three situations where folate (folic acid) deficiency may be observed?
139
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Folic acid antagonists are used in the treatment of leukemia such as ______.
140
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Does a folate deficiency cause demyelination?
141
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Pernicious anemia is an old term coined because the disorder was ____ before the cause and treatment were known.
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What causes pernicious anemia?
143
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Vitamin B12 is normally absorbed in the ______.
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What two things prevent Vitamin B12 absorption?
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In the stomach, B12 is released from food and is bound to _____ by the gastric parietal cells.
146
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In the ileum, IF-B12 binds to _______ and is absorbed into the cell.
147
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Once in the ileal mucosal cell B12 separates from IF and is bound to its transport protein ______. From there, _____ carries B12 to the various tissues of the body, especially the ____ and _______.
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Polycythemia (Rubra) Vera is a disorder that is due to _______.
149
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Polycythemia Vera causes an increase in ______.
150
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In Polycythemia Vera, the ____ mutation renders myeloid stem cells hypersensitive to erythropoietin.
151
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What are the two symptoms that appear slowly in polycthemia vera?
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What causes pruritus in polycythemia vera?
153
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What causes hemorrhagic and thromotic complications in polycythemia vera?
154
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Polycythemia vera may terminate in ________ or _______.
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In polycythemia vera, therapeutic _______ may be necessary. It can also be treated with _______.
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What are the two oral manifestations or polycythemia vera?
157
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What are three non-neoplastic disorders of white blood cells?
158
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What does leukopenia mean?
159
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What does neutropenia mean?
160
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What is agranulocytosis?
161
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What are two forms of pathogenesis that can cause leukopenia?
162
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What would cause decreased granulocyte production?
163
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What are three potential causes of incresaed granulocyte destruction?
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What is lymphopenia?
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What two things might cause lymphopenia?
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For leukopenia, decrease in nuetrophil counts due to chemotherapy or myelodysplasia may be associated with ________.
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_______ for a neutropenic patient reduces bacterial oral infections.
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What is leukocytosis?
169
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In what infections would neutrophilic leukocytosis be seen?
170
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In what disorders would eosinophilic leukocytosis occur?
171
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In what infections would you see monocytosis occur?
172
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In what disorders would you see lymphocytosis occur?
173
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Infectious mononucleosis is an ____, _____ disease that chiefly affects ____ and _____.
174
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Infectious mononucleosis is caused by ____.
175
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What are 3 symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
176
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What circulates in the peripheral blood in infectious mononucleosis?
177
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What organ is often enlarged and is susceptible to rupture in infectious mononucleosis?
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In infectious mononucleosis, the ____ is affected often causing a ______ with abnormal function. This may resemble other forms of ______.
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What do lymphomas result in?
180
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Leukemias involve the ___ and the _____.
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What are two types of plasma cell tumors?
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What are the two types of Lymphomas?
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What is another name for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by?
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a ________- of lymphoid cells.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma typically arises in the _______ in ___% of cases. The remainder of cases occurs in the ______ or _______.
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Burkitt lymphoma is a _____ neoplasm.
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Burkitt lymphoma is endemic in parts of _____ and is sporadic _____.
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The African form of Burkitt lymphoma often presents with _______ of the _____ and _____.
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Burkitt lymphoma is ____ growing.
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The African form of Burkitt lymphoma is caused by _____.
192
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What are three oral manifestations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
193
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What is a complication of therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
194
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Hodgkin lymphoma is a _____ disorder of _____ lineage.
195
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Hodgkin lymphoma usually begins in a _____ or _____ and spreads in a predictable fashion to _______.
196
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Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by a distinctive neoplastic cell called the _______ cell
197
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What is the description and appearance of the Reed-Sternberg cell in Hodgkin lymphoma?
198
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What oral manifestations might occur as a result of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma?
199
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To prevent Hodgkin lymphoma dental caries, patients need _____, ____ or ______.
200
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Describe the spread of Hodgkin lymphoma vs. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
201
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Is extranodal involvement common or uncommon in Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
202
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What two lineages can multipotential heamtopoietic stem cells differentiate into?
203
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What four things can common myeloid progenitors directly differentiate into?
204
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What can megakaryocytes differentiate into?
205
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What are 4 things that myeloblasts can differentiate into?
206
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What can common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?
207
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What is the name for acute and chronic myeloid leukemias?
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Acute leukemias for proliferation of _____ that occurs in more than ____ blasts. Chronic leukemias are proliferation of ______.
209
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What is the name for acute lymphoid lekemia?
210
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What is the name for chronic lymphoid leukemia?
211
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What is the cytology for acute myeloid leukemia?
212
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What are two symptoms of acute myeloid leukemia?
213
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What age groups is acute myeloid leukemia seen in?
214
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What is the prevalence for acute myeloid leukemia?
215
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What is the cytology for chronic myeloid leukemia?
216
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What are three symptoms of chronic myeloid leukemia?
217
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What age group is chronic myeloid leukemia common in?
218
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What is the prevalence of chronic myeloid leukemia?
219
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What is the cytology of acute lymohoblastic leukemia?
220
What is a symptom of acute lymohoblastic leukemia?
221
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What group is commonly affected by acute lymohoblastic leukemia?
222
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What is the prevalence of acute lymohoblastic leukemia?
223
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What is the cytology of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia?
224
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What are two symptoms of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
225
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What age group is most commonly affected by chronic lymphoblastic leukemia?
226
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What is the prevalence of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia?
227
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Chronic leukemia has a ___ onset with _____ symptoms.
228
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What may be the first symptom of chronic leukemia? What is it due to?
229
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Describe the oral manifestations of chronic leukemia.
230
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What are two plasma cell disorders?
231
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Is multiple myeloma benign or malignant?
232
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What causes multiple myeloma?
233
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Multiple myeloma is associated with ____, ______ lesions.
234
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What can be seen in the jaw bones of patients with multiple myeloma?
235
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What is the average age of diagnosis for multiple myeloma?
236
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In multiple myelona, cells produce ______ which can be detected in the blood and the urine. This is known as _______.
237
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What are the 4 main clinical problems with multiple myeloma?
238
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What are 6 dental related issues with multiple myeloma?
239
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Patients with multiple myeloma are often of ______ that results in _______.
240
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What is a plasmacytoma?
241
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Plasmacytomas may occur in the ____ or ______.
242
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Plasmacytomas may remain ____ for many years. But eventually they will become ____ after _____ years.
243
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What is an example of a Langerhan cell disorder?
244
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What is Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis?
245
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What was Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis formerly called?
246
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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis may regress _____.
247
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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis may require treatment such as ___ or ____.
248
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What is seen in the cytoplasm of Langerhan Cell Histicytosis?
249
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What is seen in children with Langerhan cell histiocytosis?
250
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What is seen with the teeth in Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis?
251
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What are three examples of platelet/clotting factor disorders?
252
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What are three potential causes of bleeding disorders (Hemorrhagic Diatheses)?
253
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What are three examples of derangements in clotting mechanisms that can lead to bleeding disorders?
254
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With disseminated intravascular coagulation (Comsumptive Coagulopathy), overactivation of the coagulation cascase leads to formation of ______ throughout the ______
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (Consumptive Coagulopathy) can be triggered by introduction of _______ into the systemic circulation during ____ or ______, or by widespread injury to the _________ from ______ during gram negative sepsis.
256
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy results from _____ of the ________ rather than a ______. Bleeding diatheses ensue as ______ and _____ are consumed. There is widespread ________ in small vessels.
257
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In thrombocytopenia, spontaneous bleeding occurs with platelet counts in the range of ________. The normal count is _______. Post traumatic bleeding, including surgery, may occur at ______.
258
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_______ is characteristic of thrombocytopenia, producing ___, ____, and _____.
259
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What are two potential causes of thrombocytopenia?
260
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What is an autoimmune thrombocytopenia?
261
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What are two examples of viral thromocytopenia?
262
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What is an example of a consumptive thrombocytopenia?
263
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura is usually _____.
264
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura is more common in ____ age ________.
265
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What causes the autoimmune process in idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?
266
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What may be necessary in some cases to treat idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura?
267
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What are three examples of Hemophilias?
268
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What are the two X-linked Hemophilias?
269
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What is the autosomal dominant or recessive hemophilia?
270
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What are three names for a Factor VIII Deficiency?
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Factor VIII Deficiency accounts for ____ of hemophilias.
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What is the inheritance pattern for Factor VIII Deficiency?
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Factor VIII Deficiency occurs in ____ and rarely, _____.
274
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___% of Factor VIII Deficiencies are _____ mutations.
275
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The degree of bleeding diathesis in Factor VIII deficiency correlates with the ______.
276
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What are two symptoms of Factor VIII Deficiency?
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In Factor VIII Deficiency, hemorrhage into joints known as _____ may eventually result in _____.
278
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____ and ____ are characteristically absent from Factor VIII Deficiency
279
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Treatment of Factor VIII Deficiency involves ______ after injury or before surgery.
280
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What are two other names for Factor IX Deficiency?
281
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What is the inheritance pattern for Factor IX Deficiency?
282
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Factor IX Deficiency clinically resembles ______, but is _____ and is usually ______.
283
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What are the symptoms of Von Willebrand Disease?
284
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Von Willebrand Disease is often _____.
285
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Von Willebrand factor is necessary for _____.
286
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What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?
287
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Patients with Von Willebrand Disease are very sensitive to ______, which may unmask _____.
288
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A complete lack of Von Willebrand factor produces no levels of ____ and is similar to severe ______.
289
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Von Willebrand Disease shows ______ in the presence of normal platelet count.
