Exam 4 - Chapter 15. Larynx and GI Tract Flashcards
3
What is the larynx and where does it extend from?
3
What does the closing mechanism of the larynx prevent?
4
Is a laryngeal papilloma benign or malignant?
4
What are two causes of laryngeal papillomas?
4
What two age groups are affected by laryngeal papillomas?
4
Clinical Features of Laryngal Papillomas:
- ______
- _____
- more aggressive in _____
- _____ lesions
4
What are two symptoms of laryngeal papillomas?
4
What is the treatment for Laryngeal papillomas?
4
Is a laryngeal nodule (singer’s nodule) benign or malignant?
4
What are four causes of laryngeal nodules?
4
What age group is affected by laryngeal nodules?
4
Clincial features of laryngeal nodules:
- _____
- ______
4
What are two symptoms of laryngeal nodules?
4
What is the treatment for laryngeal nodules?
4
Are laryngeal carcinomas benign or malignant?
4
What are two causes of laryngeal carcinomas?
4
What age group is affecte dby laryngeal carcinomas?
4
Clinical features of laryngeal carcinomas:
- _____
- ____
- _____
4
What are three symptoms of laryngeal carcinomas?
4
What are four possible treatments for laryngeal carcinomas?
8
What are the 7 components of the GI tract?
11
What type of lesion is pharyngitis?
11
What are two general causes of pharyngitis? What percent of the time does each occur?
11
What are 5 examples of viral infections that could cause pharyngitis?
11
What are two examples of bacterial infections that could cause pharyngitis?
11
What are 5 less common causes of pharyngitis compared to viral and bacterial infections?
11
What age groups are affected by pharyngitis?
11
Clinical Features of Pharyngitis:
- _____
- _____
- ____
- ______
- _______
11
Symptoms of viral pharyngitis:
- ____
- ______
- _____
- ____-
- _____
11
Symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis:
- _____
- ____
11
What is the treatment for viral pharyngitis?
11
What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis?
13
Esophageal Disorders:
- ___
- ____
- ____
- ____
- _____
- _____
14
What are 6 causes of esophageal obstructions?
14
What is atresia?
14
What is stenosis?
14
Waht is a fistula?
14
What is Achalasia?
14
Esophageal Obstruction Symptoms / Clinical Features:
- _____
- _______
- ______
- _____
- ______
- ______
- ______
- _______
14
What are three possible treatments for esophageal obstructions?
14
What is another name for Esophageal Lacerations?
14
What is Mallory-Weis syndrome?
14
Causes of Mallory-Weis Syndrome:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- _____
14
Symptoms/Clinical Features of Esophageal Lacerations:
- ______
- ______
- _____
- _____
14
What is the treatment for Esophageal Lacerations?
14
What is the Esophageal Varices?
14
What is the cause of Esophageal Varices?
14
Symptoms and Clinical Features of Esophageal Varices:
- _____
- _______: ____ and _____
14
What is the treatment for Esophageal Vaarices
14
What is the cause of Esophageal Webs?
14
Symptoms of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome:
- _____
- _____
- ________
19
What group are esophageal webs most common in?
19
Esophageal webs are assoviated with an increased risk of developing what?
19
Are esophageal webs initially symptomatic or asymptomatic?
19
Long term anemia associated with esophageal webs results in:
- ____
- ____
- ____
- _____
- ______
19
What are three treatments for esophageal webs?
19
What is the cause of Esophagitis?
19
What is a clinical feature of Esophagitis?
19
Heartburn associated with Esophagitis can lead to the development of _______, which is the ________.
19
What gender and race are most affected by Esophagitis?
19
Patients with Esophagitis are at an increased risk of _______.
19
What is the treatment for mild Esophagitis?
19
What is the treatment for severe Esophagitis?
19
Causes of Esophageal Carcinoma:
- ______
- _____
- ______
- _______
- ______
- _____
- ______
19
Symptoms / Clinical Features of Esophageal Carcinoma:
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ____ or _______
- ____
- _____
19
What are three treatments for Esophageal carcinoma?
24
Disorders of the Stomach:
- _____
- ______
- _____
- _____
- _______
25
What are two causes of Hiatal hernias?
25
Symptoms of Hiatal Hernias:
- ____
- _____
- ______
25
What are two treatments of Hiatal Hernias?
25
What are 3 causes of Acute gastritis?
25
What causes chronic gastritis?
25
Symptoms of Gastritis:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- ______
- ______
25
What is the treatment for gastritis?
25
Causes of Stomach Ulcers:
- _____
- ____
- _____
4.. ______
25
Symptoms of Stomach Ulcers:
- _____
- _____
- ____
- _____
- _____
25
Treatment of Stomach Ulcers:
- ____
- ____
- ____
- _____
25
What are 3 causes of stomach polyps?
25
What are the symptoms of stomach polyps?
25
How are stomach polyps found?
25
Are polyps mainly benign? What is the risk for developing cancer?
25
What is the treatment for polyps, especially those that are greater than 5 mm?
25
Causes of Stomach Carcinoma:
- ____
- ____
- ____
- ____
25
When do symptoms of stomach carcinoma appear? What are the two symptoms?
25
What are three treatments for Stomach Carcinomas?
30
What are two syndromes that gastric polyps can be seen in?
31
What is the inheritance pattern for Peutz-Jegher Syndrome?
31
What is the mutation involved in Peutz-Jegher Syndrome?
31
What kind of polyps are seen in PEutz-Jegher Syndrome?
31
What does Hamartomatous mean?
31
There is a high risk of developing what kind of malignancies in Peutz-Jegher Syndrome? (3 in the intestines, and 6 extra-intestinal).
31
What is another name for Cowden Syndrome?
31
What is the inheritance pattern for Cowden Synddrome?
31
What is the mutation in Cowden Syndrome?
31
Mucocutaneous Lesions in Cowden Syndrome:
- _____
- _______
- ______
31
What head condition is seen in Cowden Syndrome?
31
In Cowden Syndrome, _____ neoplasms of the ____, ____, or _____ develop.
32
What are seen in the mouth, lips, genitalia, palms, and soles in Peutz-Jegher Syndrome?
35
What are 9 disorders of the small and large intestine?
36
What are two types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
37
What is the common site of Chron’s disease?
37
What is the distribution of Chron’s disease?
37
What is the spread of Crohn’s Disease?
37
What are 5 gross features of Crohn’s disease?
37
What is the microscopic presentation of noncaseating granulomas?
37
How is the inflammation described in Crohn’s disease?
37
What are four complications of Crohn’s disease?
37
What is the cancer risk in Crohn’s disease?
37
What is the common site of Ulcerative colitis?
37
What is the distribution of ulcerative colitis?
37
What is the spread of ulcerative colitis?
37
What are two gross features of Ulcerative colitis?
37
What is the microscopic presentation of Ulcerative colitis?
37
How is the inflammation described in Ulcerative Colitis?
37
What is a complication of ulcerative colitis?
37
What is the cancer risk for ulcerative colitis?
38
Are skip areas seen in Crohn’s diasese? Ulcerative colitis?
38
Is cobblestone mucosa seen in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative colitis?
38
Is there transmural involvement in Crohn’s Disease? Ulcerative Colitis?
38
Is there rectal sparing in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative Colitis?
38
Is there perianal involvement in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative colitis?
38
Are there fistulas in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative colitis?
38
Are there strictures in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative colitis?
38
Are there granulomas in Crohn’s disease? Ulcerative colitis?
41
What percent of patients with Crohn’s disease will present with perianal lesions?
41
What percent of cases of Crohn’s disease also has ganulomas?
44
What are the two Developmental Intestinal Anomalies?
45
What is the cause of Meckel’s Diverticulum?
45
Distribution of Meckel Cartilage:
- _______
- _______
- ________
45
What are the symptoms of Meckel Diverticulum?
45
What is the treatment for Meckel Diverticulum?
45
What is the cause of Hirschsprung Disease?
45
Distribution of Hirschsprung Disease:
- _____
- ______
45
What are the symptoms of Hirschsprung Disease?
45
What is the treatment for Hirschsprung disease?
48
What are two vacsular inflammatory bowel diseases?
49
What is the most common vascular disorder of the GI tract?
49
Causes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
- ______
- ______
- ______
- _______
- ______
- _______
- _______
- ______
- _____
- ______
- ______
49
What age group is Ischemic Bowel Disease most commonly seen in?
49
What are the gross features of Ischemic Bowel Disease?
49
Symptoms of Ischemic Bowel Disease:
- _____
- ______
49
What is the treatment for Ischemic Bowel Disease?
49
Characteristics of Hemorrhoids:
- ______
- _______
49
Causes of Hemorrhoids
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ______
49
What age group are Hemorrhoids most commonly seen in?
49
What is the gross feature of Hemorrhoids?
49
Symptoms of Hemorrhoids:
- ______
- ____
- _______
- _____
- ______
49
Treatments for Hemorrhoids:
- ____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ______
53
What are the characteristics of Colonic diverticulitis?
53
What is the cause of Colonic Diverticulitis?
53
What age group is affected by Colonic Diverticulitis in 50% of cases?
53
Most patients with Colonic Diverticulitis are _____ (symptomatic or asymptomatic).
53
Symptoms of Colonic Diverticulitis:
- ______
- ______
- _____
- _____
53
Complications of Colonic Diverticulosis:
- _____
- _____
- ______
53
Treatment and Prognosis for Colonic Diverticulosis:
- ____
- _____
- _______
56
Characteristics of Pseudomembranous Colitis:
- _______, often caused by ________
- ________
- _____, a ____ organism
56
Causes of Pseudomembranous Colitis:
- _____
- ________
56
What age group is most affected by Pseudomembranous Colitis?
56
Which age group is rarely affected by Pseudomembranous Colitis? Why might this be?
56
Symptoms of Pseudomembranous Colitis:
- ______
- _______
- ___
- _____
- ______
- _____
56
Complications of Pseudomembranous Colitis:
- _____
- _____
- ______
56
Treatment and Prognosis of Pseudomembranous Colitis:
- ______
- _____
- ______
- _______
- _______
59
What are two Malabsorption Syndromes?
59
What is Celiac Disease?
59
What is the cause of Celiac Disease?
59
What is the age for Celiac Disease?
59
Symptoms of Celiac Disease:
- ____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- _____
- ____
59
What is the treatment of Celiac Disease?
59
Complications of Celiac Disease:
- ____
- _____
- ____
- _____
- _____
- ______
- _____
59
What is lactose intolerance?
59
What is the cause of Lactose intolerance?
59
What age group is most affected by lactose intolerance?
59
Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance:
- ____
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ______
- ______
59
What is the treatment for Lactose Intolerance?
59
Complications of Lactose Intolerance:
- _____
- ______
- ______
63
What is acute apendicitis?
63
What is the cause of acute apendicitis?
63
What are four things that can cause the obstruction that leads to acute apendicitis?
63
What age can acute apendicitis be seen in?
- _____
- ______
- ______
63
Symptoms of Acute Apendicitis:
- ________
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ______
- ______
- _____
63
What is the treatment for Acute Apendicitis?
63
Complications of Acute Apendicitis:
_______ - can cause ______ infection of ____ (____)_, ____, _____, _____.
66
What are intestinal polyps? What is their diameter?
66
Risk Factors for Intestinal Polyps:
- ____
- ______
- _____
- _____
- ____
- ____
- _____
- _____
66
What age and gender are intestinal polyps most commonly seen in?
66
Symptoms of Intestinal Polyps:
- ______
- ______
- _____
- ____
- ______
66
What is the treatment for Intestinal Polyps?
66
Complications of Intestinal Polyps:
- _____
- ______
- ______
67
What is characteristic of Gardner’s Syndrome?
69
What is the inheritance pattern of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
69
What is the mutation associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
69
Clinical Features of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
- __________, sifnificantly elevating __________
- Individuals with those condition commonly develop ________, heightening their susceptbility to _______, ______, ______, and _____.
69
Colonic Features of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis:
- _____
- _____
- _____
69
Treatment of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis:
- ______
- ______
- _______
69
Complications of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis:
- _______
- ______
- ______
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ______
- ______
72
What is the inheritance pattern of Gardner Syndrome?
72
Gardner Syndrome is distinguished by ________ in addition to the _______, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene mutations.
72
Clinical FEatures of Gardner Syndrome
- __________, significantly elevating their ________ if left untreated.
- Patients commonly develop heightened susceptibility to _______, _______, ______. and _____.
72
Colonic features of Gardner Syndrome:
- ____
- ______
- _______
72
Extracolonic Features of Gardner Syndrome:
- _______
- ____
- _____
- ______
- ______
- ________
72
Treatment of Gardner Syndrome:
- _____
- ______
- _____
76
Where do colorectal cancers develop?
76
What is the second leading cause of cancer deaths?
76
Symptoms of Colorectal Carcinoma:
- _____
- ______
- _____
- ____
- ______
76
Risk factors:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- _______
- ______
76
Prevention of Colorectal Cancers:
- ____
- _____
- _____
76
Treatment of Colorectal Carcinomas:
- ____
- _____
- _____
- _______
76
Complications of Colorectal Cancer:
- _____
- ______
- ______
- ______
- ______
