EXAM 4: CH 32-33-34 Flashcards
1
Q
_______ refers to the constance of the body’s internal environment.
A
homeostasis
2
Q
In homeostasis, the internal environment is in a state of _______ _______, in which it actively adjusts to ongoing internal and external changes to maintain constant conditions
A
dynamic constancy
3
Q
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate a variety of conditions in the _______ surrounding _______.
A
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate a variety of conditions in the fluids surrounding cells.
4
Q
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate conditions
such as t__________, w_____ levels,
s____ levels, g_______, p__, o_______,
and c_______ d_______.
A
Homeostatic mechanisms regulate conditions
such as temperature, water levels,
salt levels, glucose, pH, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide.
5
Q
Dynamic constancy is required for
n_______ a_______,
m_______ c___________,
and optimal _______ _______
for all metabolic reactions.
A
Dynamic constancy is required for
neuronal activity,
muscle contractions,
and optimal enzyme activity
for all metabolic reactions.
6
Q
What are the two groupings of animals according to source of body warmth?
A
endotherms
ectotherms
7
Q
__________ generate body heat through
metabolic reactions and maintain _______
body temperature, such as _____ & _________.
A
Endotherms generate body heat through
metabolic reactions and maintain constant
body temperature, such as birds & mammals.
8
Q
__________ derive body heat from environment;
they maintain heat either by occupying a
_______ ___________ or
___________, such as basking in the sun.
A
Ectotherms derive body heat from environment;
they maintain heat either by occupying a
constant environment or
behaviorally, such as basking in the sun.
9
Q
Homeostatic mechanisms that maintain
internal constancy are collectively
known as _______ _______.
A
feedback systems
10
Q
What are the 3 parts to feedback systems?
A
control center (with set point)
sensor
effector
11
Q
What are the 2 types of feedback systems?
A
Negative
Positive
12
Q
The _______ feedback system is the
more common one; it _______ the effects
of _______ in the internal environment
to maintain homeostasis.
A
The negative feedback system is the
more common one; it counteracts the effects
of changes in the internal environment
to maintain homeostasis.
13
Q
The _______ feedback system is more rare;
it drives _______, _______-_______
changes, such as the birth process.
A
The positive feedback system is more rare;
it drives rapid, self-limiting
changes, such as the birth process.
14
Q
Label diagram:
A
- negative
- counteract
- negative
- negates
- stimulus:deviation from set point
- sensor
- control center
- effector
- response
- counteracts
15
Q
Label the green ovals:
A
- stimulus
- condition
- sensor
- control center with set point
- effector
16
Q
In negative feedback systems, a deviation from
the set point, (_______), is detected by
a _______ (or _________) which signals
a _______ _______ that activates an _______
mechanism that ___________ the stimulus.
A
In negative feedback systems, a deviation from
the set point, (stimulus), is detected by
a sensor (or receptor) which signals
a control center that activates an effector
mechanism that counteracts the stimulus.
17
Q
Negative feedback maintains body temperature
through a control system in the __________:
If body temperature drops, _______ _______
(_______) transmit the change to the
__________ (______ ______), which activates various _______ mechanisms to
raise the body temperature, such as
__________, blood vessel ____________,
and increased ___________ rate.
A
Negative feedback maintains body temperature
through a control system in the hypothalamus:
If body temperature drops, nerve endings
(sensors) transmit the change to the
hypothalamus (control center) which activates
various effector mechanisms to raise the body
temperature, such as shivering,
blood vessel constriction,
and increased metabolic rate.
18
Q
Positive feedback _________ the original change.
A
intensifies
19
Q
_______ feedback occurs in labor:
__________ force baby’s head against the _______ causing it to dilate, _______-________ neurons (_______) in the cervix signal the
_____________ (_______ _______),
which releases _______, a hormone that
stimulates stronger uterine contractions;
_______ relieves pressure on the cervix,
halting the feedback cycle.
A
Positive
contractions
cervix
stretch-receptor
(sensors)
hypothalamus
(control center)
oxytocin
delivery
20
Q
Animal _______ are composed of similar cells that perform a specific function.
A
tissues
21
Q
_______ include two or more interacting tissue types.
A
Organs
22
Q
_______ __________ consist of two or more interacting organs.
A
Organ systems
23
Q
List the heirarchy of animal body organization:
A
Cells ► Tissues ► Organs ► Organ Systems
24
Q
What are the four major categories of animal tissues?
A
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervouus
25
What type of animal tissue consists of membranes that cover the outside body and linen its cavities?
epithelial
26
What type of animal tissue is adapted to the functions of protection, absorption, and gas exchange, and is continually lost and replaced by cell division?
epithelial
27
Skin epidermis, the lining of trachea, and the lining of lungs are examples of _______ tissue.
epithelial
28
Some epithelial tissues form ________ - clusters of cells that are specialized to release substances - such as _______ \_\_\_\_\_ & ________ \_\_\_\_\_.
glands
exocrine glands
endocrine glands
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands release secretions using ducts.
Ex: _______ glands, ___________ glands
exocrine
sweat
sebaceous
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands typically release secretions into blood.
Ex: _______ glands & _______ glands
Endocrine
adrenal
thyroid
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissues exist mostly to support and bind other body tissues.
Connective
32
Which type of tissues secrete large quantities of extracellular substances, often including tough collagen protein fibers, among living cells?
connective
33
What are the three main categories of connective tissue?
loose
fibrous
specialized
34
Loose connective tissues attach to __________ to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
epithelium
membranes
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue contains protein fibers and syrup-like extracellular fluid.
Loose
36
Dermis is an example of _______ connective tissue.
loose
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibes that provide strength.
Fibrous
38
Tendons and ligaments are examples of _______ connective tissues.
fibrous
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissues have diverse functions and structures.
Specialized
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is specialized connective tissue that is composed of widely spaced cells surrounded by collagen and thick gel-like matrix.
Cartilage
41
The functions of cartilage include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_-reduction, and _______ absorption.
support, friction, shock
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is specialized connective tissue with cells arranged in concentric circles surrounded by calcium phosphate deposits.
Bone
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (fat) is specialized connective tissue that is used for energy storage and insulation.
Adipose
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is specialized connective tissue composed of cells suspended in extracellular fluid.
Blood
45
The cellular portion of blood is composed of ___ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_, _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is specialized connective tissue composed of fluid leaked out of blood at capillary blood vessels.
Lymph
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enters __________ vessels and is reintroduced into circulaiton.
Lymph, lymphatic
48
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
cardiac
smooth
skeletal
49
What type of tissue contracts (shortens) when stimulated?
muscle
50
Of the three types of muscle tissue, which contract voluntarily and which contract involuntarily?
voluntary: skeletal
involuntary: cardiac, smooth
51
Where is smooth muscle located, and what is its function?
in tubular organs
slow, sustained, involuntary contractions
52
What is the cellular structure of skeletal muscle?
cells are cylindrical muscle fibers
53
Nerve tissue is composed of _______ and _______ cells.
neurons, glial
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are cells that transmit electrical signals.
Neurons
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells surround, support, and electrically insulate neurons.
Glial
56
Why would a constant supply of glucose and oxygen be important to a cell?
a. They fuel the process of anaerobic respiration, which provides the cell with the maximum amount of energy per glucose.
b. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities.
c. Metabolism in cells is directly fueled by glucose when oxygen is present.
d. ATP is a waste product that must be removed by the cells through the metabolism of glucose and oxygen.
b. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities.
57
How will a fever of 105°F affect metabolic reactions in a person’s body?
a. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, which will shut down metabolic reactions
b. It will slow down metabolic reactions, making the use of glucose less efficient
c. It will speed up metabolic reactions, making the use of glucose more efficient
d. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, speeding up metabolic reactions.
a. Heat changes the catalysts’ three-dimensional structure, which will shut down metabolic reactions
58
What does homeostasis mean?
a. The maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functioning
b. The maintenance of identical conditions in a cell at all stages in the cell cycle
c. The maintenance of the same exact conditions in every cell in a body
d. The maintenance of identical conditions on the inside and outside of a cell
a. The maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functioning
59
Why do you get “goose bumps” when you are cold and shiver?
a. Adipose collects in pockets under the skin to warm the outer surface, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance
b. Muscles surrounding skin hairs contract. This generates heat, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance
c. The skin fills with blood to warm the outer surface, making a bumpy appearance
d. The skin fills with tiny warming air pockets, causing the bumpy appearance
b. Muscles surrounding skin hairs contract. This generates heat, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance
60
Where would a single layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelial cells be found?
a. trachea
b. stomach
c. mouth
d. skin
a. trachea
61
A structure that is made of more than one kind of tissue is ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. an organ
b. undergoing mitosis
c. mutated
d. damaged
a. an organ
62
Why would a constant supply of glucose and oxygen be important to a cell?
a. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities
b. They fuel the process of anaerobic respiration, which provides the cell with the maximum amount of energy per glucose
c. ATP is a waste product that must be removed by the cells through the metabolism of glucose and oxygen
d. Metabolism in cells is only fueled by glucose when oxygen is present
a. Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are endotherms and __________ are ectotherms.
a. Fish; humans
b. Fish; lizards
c. Humans; monkeys
d. Humans; fish
d. Humans; fish
64
How would falling though ice affect metabolic reactions in a person's body?
a. There would be no change, as the cells would generate their own heat through metabolic
reactions.
b. Very cold temperatures would immediately cause the enzymes to denature and all metabolic reactions to halt.
c. Very cold temperatures would significantly speed up the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.
d. Very cold temperatures would significantly slow down the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.
d. Very cold temperatures would significantly slow down the reactions, especially the need for oxygen and ATP.
65
From smallest to largest, which is the correct order of levels of organization of living things?
a. Subatomic particles, molecules, organelles, atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
b. Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles
c. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
d. Molecules, atoms, subatomic particles, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
c. Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
66
You constantly lose epithelial skin cells, and yet your skin remains intact. This is because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. the connective tissue cells replace the lost epithelial cells
b. you are born with enough epithelial cells to withstand the continuous loss
c. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through meiosis
d. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through mitosis
d. the epithelial skin cells are constantly replaced through mitosis
67
Bone cells form in circles around a central canal.
What is in this central canal?
a. Cartilage
b. Connective tissue
c. A blood vessel
d. Adipose tissue
c. A blood vessel
68
When the body's response to swelling caused by an insect bite is to release histamine, which causes more swelling and releases more histamine, the organism is using a ________ feedback loop.
a. Positive
b. Negative
a. Positive
69
Bones are connected to other bones by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Tendons
c. Ligaments
d. Mesentery
c. Ligaments
70
Which tissue is characterized by a basement membrane and a single layer of flattened cells with a free surface?
a. Simple epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Muscle tissue
d. Stratified epithelium
e. Undifferentiated tissue
a. Simple epithelium
71
The term ____________ refers to the fact that an epithelium has only one layer of cells.
a. Stratified
b. Columnar
c. Simple
d. Cuboidal
c. Simple
72
Which is not a connective tissue?
a. Blood
b. Bone
c. Muscle
d. Cartilage
c. Muscle
73
The outer layer of skin is composed of ____________ .
a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Simple columnar epithelium
c. Simple cuboidal epithelium
d. Simple squamous epithelium
a. Stratified squamous epithelium
74
What are the three major parts of circulatory systems?
blood
blood vessels
heart
75
Which phyla have open circulatory systems?
Arthropoda & Mollusca
76
Closed circulatory systems are found in some _____________ and all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
invertebrates
vertebrates
77
Functions of the circulatory system:
transport ___ & \_\_\_
distribute n\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
transport \_\_\_\_\_\_
distribute h\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
regulate ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
prevent _____ loss
protect against \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
O2 & CO2
nutrients
waste
hormones
body temperature
blood
disease
78
Chambers of the heart that collect blood from the body, contract, and deposit blood in ventricles are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
atria
79
Chambers of the heart that contract and discharge blood to the body are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ventricles
80
The earliest vertebrate hearts had ___ chambers: ___ atria(um) & ___ ventricle(s)
Example: \_\_\_\_\_\_
2 chambers
1 atrium
1 ventricle
fish
81
Amphibians and most reptiles have \_\_\_-chambered hearts, with ___ atrium(a) and ___ ventricle(s).
3 chambers
2 atria
1 ventricle
82
Mammals & birds have the most advanced heart, with ___ atria, ___ ventricles, allowing for the separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood which __________ oxygen levels in blood.
2 atria
2 ventricles
maximizes
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry blood to atria.
| (body ► heart)
Veins
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry blood away from ventricles.
(heart ► body)
85
The human heart is made of two separate pumps.
Which 2 chambers make up the Right Pump?
Which 2 chambers make up the Left Pump?
Right Pump: right atrium & right ventricle
Left Pump: left atrium & left ventricle
86
Function of the right pump of the human heart:
The right ______ receives oxygen-\_\_\_\_ blood from the body by the superior & inferior ____ \_\_\_\_\_.
The right _____ ejects oxygen-\_\_\_\_ blood into _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be oxygenated by lungs.
atrium
poor
vena cavae
ventricle
poor
pulmonary arteries
87
Function of the left pump of the human heart:
The left ______ receives oxygen-\_\_\_\_ blood from the lungs by _________ \_\_\_\_\_.
The left _________ ejects oxygen-\_\_\_\_ blood into the _____ to be distributed to ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
atrium
rich
pulmonary veins
ventricle
rich
aorta
body tissues
88
The two pumps of the human heart are separated by the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ventricular septum
89
Which type of muscle tissue is composed of cells that are small, branched, striated, and linked to one another via intercalated discs containing gap junctions?
cardiac
90
\_\_\_ junctions are vital to the function of cardiac muscle because they allow the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that trigger contractions to spread directly and _______ from one muscle cell to the next, resulting in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _____________ contractions.
Gap
electrical signals
rapidly
coordinated
synchronous
91
The Cardiac Cycle:
Both _____ contract & pump blood into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Both _________ contract & pump blood into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
All chambers _____ \_\_\_\_\_ before the cycle repeats.
The cycle lasts less than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
atria
ventricles
ventricles
arteries
relax briefly
1 second
92
Blood pressure during ventricular contraction is ___________ pressure.
systolic
93
Blood pressure during ventricular relaxation is ___________ pressure.
diastolic
94
Hypertension is caused by the constriction of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
It causes ____________ to blood flow and _______ on the heart.
arterioles
resistance
strain
95
Hypertension interacting with _______ arteries can lead to _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which can cause _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
hardened
blood clots
heart attack
stroke
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ valves allow blood to flow from atria to ventricles, preventing back flow.
Atriventricular
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ valves allow blood to flow from ventricles to arteries, preventing back flow.
Semilunar
98
Contractions of the cardiac cycle are coordinated by ______________ cells, which regularly produce spontaneous _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to stimulate contraction.
pacemaker
electrical impulses
99
The primary pacemaker is the __________ \_\_\_\_ (\_\_ \_\_\_\_).
sinoatrial node
| (SA node)
100
The sinoatrial node is located in the upper wall of the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_. It generates impulses that spread through muscle cells of both atria so that the atria _______ \_\_ _______ and finish emptying blood.
right atrium
contract in unison
101
The second pacemaker, the ______________ node (\_\_ node), is in the floor of the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is stimulated by the SA node impulse. After a __ \_\_\_\_\_\_ delay, it sends an impulse to ventricles (by __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_), causing them to contract.
atrioventricular (AV)
right atrium
.1 second
excitable fibers
102
The ___ \_\_\_\_\_ maintains a heart rate of 100 bpm.
SA node
103
At rest, the ______________ nervous system slows the heart to to ~70bpm.
parasympathetic
104
During exercise & stress, the _______ nervous system _______ the heart rate.
sympathetic
increases
105
Under stress, the endocrine system can modify the heart rate by releasing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which stimulates the ___ \_\_\_\_\_ and increases the heart rate.
epinephrine
SA node
106
What are the 2 major components of blood?
plasma, 55-60%
cellular components, 40-45%
107
Plasma, which is the _____ portion of blood, is about 90% _____ in which p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, s\_\_\_\_, n\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, h\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, g\_\_\_\_, and w\_\_\_\_\_ are dissolved.
fluid
water
proteins
salts
nutrients
hormones
gases
wastes
108
The cellular components of blood are:
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
109
Which cellular component of blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?
red blood cells
110
Which cellular component of blood helps defend teh body against disease?
white blood cells
111
Which cellular component of blood are fragments that aid in blood clotting?
platelets
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are plasma proteins that maintain osmotic pressure of blood.
Albumins
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are plasma proteins that transport nutrients & act in immunity.
Globulins
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are plasma proteins that are involved with blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
115
Red blood cells, also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, make up \_\_\_% of all blood cells.
erythrocytes
99
116
Which blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and (in humans) have a biconcave disk shape?
erythrocytes
| (red blood cells)
117
What causes the red color of erythrocytes?
hemoglobin
118
Structure & Function of red blood cells:
* 4 ___________ chains + 4 ____ groups
* in \_\_\_\_\_, each heme group binds to ___ (turning hemoglobin cherry red)
* at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, hemoglobin releases O2 and picks up \_\_\_
polypeptide
heme
lungs
O2
tissues
CO2
119
Erythrocyte life cycle:
Where formed?
What is removed during formation?
Life span?
red bone marrow
nucleus
~4 months
120
How many erythrocytes die per second and what are they replace by?
2 million
bone marrow
121
What happens to red blood cells after they die?
removed by liver and spleen,
iron recycled and used to form more hemoglobin
122
When blood oxygen levels are low, the kidneys release ______________ which stimulates additional red blood cell formation by ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; this is an example of _________ feedback.
erythropoietin
bone marrow
negative
123
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
124
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are white blood cells that can produce antibodies used in immunity.
Lymphocytes
125
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_are mobile, amoeba-like white blood cells that engulf foreign particles and bacteria.
Macrophages
126
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are formed in red bone marrow and form platelets when they fragment and enter circulation.
Megakaryocytes
127
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ are fromed from sticky _____ protein threads, platelets, and other blood cells to form a patch over a wound site.
Blood clots
fibrin
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & _________ are thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
arterioles
129
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are __________ vessels that allow blood and body cells to exchange nutrients and wastes.
Capillaries
microscopic
130
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & _________ carry blood back to the heart.
Veins
venules
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control the distribution of blood flow.
Arterioles
132
Pattern of blood flow:
heart ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► _____ ► heart
heart ► arteries ► arterioles ► capillaries ► venules ► veins ► heart
133
\_\_\_\_\_ are thick-walled vessels that contain _____ muscle and _____ tissue to withstand high pressure; elastic recoil maintains blood pressure during \_\_\_\_\_.
Arteries
smooth
elastic
diastole
134
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ branch off of arteries, are _____ in diameter, and help control _________ of blood flow.
Arterioles
smaller
distribution
135
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the tiniest vessels - thin, \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ thick for easy \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; allow for the exchange of materials between blood, ________ \_\_\_\_\_, and body \_\_\_\_\_.
Capillaries
single-cell
diffusion
interstitial fluids
cells
136
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is found in the spaces sorrounding tissue cells resulting from the blood pressure driven leakage of capillaries.
Interstitial fluid
137
Capillaries merge to form larger \_\_\_\_\_, which merge to form \_\_\_\_\_.
venules
veins
138
Veins contain _____ \_\_\_\_\_ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_; are _____ & \_\_\_\_\_-walled than arteries; and contain \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ valves.
smooth muscle
elastic tissue
wider
thinner
one-way
139
Skeletal muscle contractions compress _____ and drive blood movement _____ the \_\_\_\_\_.
veins
towards
heart
140
Muscular _____ walls contract & relax to redirect _____ \_\_\_\_\_ & regulate _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
arteriole
blood flow
blood pressure
141
Capillary blood flow is controlled by ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles.
precapillary sphincter
142
The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic \_\_\_\_\_, lymphatic \_\_\_\_\_, lymph \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
vessels
capillaries
nodes
thymas
spleen
143
The lymphatic system returns excess ________ \_\_\_\_\_ to circulation, transports fats from _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to circulation, and contributes to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
interstitial fluid
small intestine
immunity
144
Lymphatic capillary cells _____ and act as \_\_\_-\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, allowing fluid and particles to drain into lymphatic capillaries.
overlap
one-way
valves
145
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
lymphatic vessels
146
Lymphatic vessels are similar in structure to \_\_\_\_\_, with \_\_\_-\_\_\_ _____ and lymph flow driven by _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
veins
one-way flow
muscle contractions
147
More than 3-4 liters of excess interstitial fluid are generated per \_\_\_\_\_\_, which are collected by the lymphatic system and deposited into _____ \_\_\_\_\_, where the _____ \_\_\_\_ joins with the ____ \_\_\_\_.
day
general circulation
thoracic duct
vena cava
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a disease caused when parastic roundworms colonize _____ \_\_\_\_\_, preventing drainage of _____ and causing extreme \_\_\_\_\_.
Elephantiasis
lymphatic vessels
lymph
edema
149
\_\_\_\_\_ are patches of connective tissue containing many __________ that destroy bacteria and viruses.
Tonsils
lymphocytes
150
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are kidney-shaped structures that connect lymph vessels, contain many __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and destroy _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in lymph.
Lymph nodes
macrophages
lymphocytes
foreign particles
151
The _____ is found above the heart and is an important site of lymphocyte development.
thymas
152
The _____ is found in the abdominal cavity, and filters _____ and destroys old ___ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
spleen
blood
red blood cells
153
Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system?
a. The blood pressure is higher in an open system, forcing the blood around the body too quickly for nutrients to be delivered and wastes to be picked up
b. In an open system, blood is contained in a continuous series of vessels, making it more difficult to distribute nutrients
c. It is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment
d. Blood flows around the body at a constant rate in an open system
c. It is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment
154
Which describes the correct flow of blood returned to the heart by the vena cavas?
a. Vena cavas, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta
b. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
c. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
d. Vena cavas, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, lungs, pulmonary arteries, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta
b. Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
155
Which of the following is an example of a healthy blood pressure reading?
a. Diastolic of 120 and systolic of 80
b. Diastolic of 140 and systolic of 90
c. Diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120
d. Diastolic of 90 and systolic of 140
c. Diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120
156
Why would an increase in erythropoietin be beneficial to an athlete?
a. It prevents the production of lactic acid in their muscles
b. It increases the production of red blood cells
c. It enhances the ability of their red blood cells to carry oxygen
d. It enhances their ability to produce lactic acid
b. It increases the production of red blood cells
157
People who have been trapped in an avalanche or fallen through ice often lose their nose, fingers, and toes. Why does this happen?
a. The skin is thinner in these areas and does not sufficiently protect against the cold
b. Only veins are located in these areas, and most of the heat from the body core has already been distributed by the time the blood arrives to these extremities
c. In extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body and around the brain
d. The blood freezes in these areas, causing the tissue to die
c. In extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body and around the brain
158
What mechanism helps promote the return of the blood to the heart through the veins?
a. The pressure caused by the size difference between the capillaries and veins forces blood back to the heart
b. Veins contract continuously, sending blood back to the heart
c. Gravity acts to send blood from the veins back to the heart
d. Valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart
d. Valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart
159
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
a. To filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs
b. To carry fats from the small intestine to the bloodstream
c. To restore extra fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system
d. To harbor white blood cells to help protect the body from foreign invaders
a. To filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs
160
Elephantiasis results when interstitial fluids in tissues can’t be returned to the circulatory system. What symptoms would this cause?
a. Swelling in the lower extremities
b. Breaking down of the connective tissue
c. Low blood pressure
d. High blood pressure
a. Swelling in the lower extremities
161
What is homeostasis?
The constancy of the body’s internal environment;
the maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functions
162
What are some of the internal body conditions that remain in a dynamic state through homeostasis?
Temperature, water & salt levels, glucose, pH, oxygen & carbon dioxide
163
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
Negative feedback counteracts a change to regain homeostasis,
positive feedback intensifies the original change.
164
Where is the center for control of temperature in mammals?
hypothalamus
165
What are Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems?
Tissues – collection of similar cells that perform a specific function
Organs – two or more interacting tissue types
Organ systems – two or more interacting organs
166
Examples of Epithelial tissues
Skin epidermis, lining of trachea, lining of lungs,
exocrine glands, endocrine glands
Skin epidermis, lining of trachea, lining of lungs,
exocrine glands, endocrine glands
167
What is connective tissue and what are some examples?
Supports & binds other body tissues by secreting extracellular substances, such as collagen protein fibers, among living cells
Examples: Loose - dermis, Fibrous - tendons & ligaments, & Specialized
168
What are some examples of specialized connective tissue?
Cartilage, bone, adipose, blood, lymph
169
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
Cardiac, smooth skeletal
170
What are the cell types that make the nerve tissue?
neurons, glial cells
171
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Energy storage & insulation
172
What type of muscle is voluntary; which one is involuntary?
Voluntary: skeletal
Involuntary: cardiac, smooth
173
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands make and release secretions via ducts or openings to a body surface, such as sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.
Endocrine glands make hormones and releases them directly into blood, such as adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands.
174
Mention the parts of the circulatory systems.
Blood, blood vessels, heart
175
What is an open circulatory system and examples of animals with this type of system
Arthropods and mollusks have open circulatory systems, in which blood is pumped into a homocoel where it bathes internal organs before returning to the heart.
176
What is a closed circulatory system? Give examples of animals with it.
Blood is confined within a continuous vascular network with a pumping heart
Some invertebrates, all vertebrates
177
Mention the general functions of circulatory systems.
Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide; distribute nutrients; transport waste; distribute hormones; regulate body temperature; prevent blood loss; protect against disease
178
Know the differences between the heart and circulatory system of fish, amphibians, and mammals (chamber numbers etc).
Fish: 1 atrium, 1 ventricle, gill & body capillaries
Amphibians: 2 atria, 1 ventricle, lung & body capillaries
Mammals: 2 atria, 2 ventricles, lung & body capillaries + arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood
179
**path of circulation of the human heart:**
From body, oxygen-poor blood ►Vena cava
► right atrium ► right ventricle
► pulmonary arteries where blood is oxygenated by lungs
► pulmonary veins ► left atrium ► left ventricle
► aorta ► arteries ► arterioles ► capillaries
180
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node (SA node) – upper wall right atrium, generates impulses that spread throughout cardiac muscle cells of atria
181
What is systolic or diastolic pressure?
Systolic: blood pressure during ventricular contraction
Diastolic: blood pressure during ventricular relaxation
182
What is the content of plasma in blood?
90% water, + hormones, nutrients, gases, salts, wastes, proteins
183
What types of cells are found in the blood and what is their function?
99% Red blood cells – erythrocytes – carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
\<1% White blood cells – leukocytes – protect against disease
184
How does erythropoietin regulate red blood cell numbers?
When blood oxygen levels are low, erythropoietin is released by kidneys and stimulates additional red blood cell formation by bone marrow (negative feedback)
185
What are the steps in the blood clotting (coagulation) process?
- Vasoconstriction (bleeding stops)
- Formation of a temporary platelet plug
- Activation of the coagulation cascade (thrombin – principle enzyme, catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin & activates clotting factors)
- Formation of the fibrin plug (fibrin + platelets)
- Fibrinolysis – clot dissolves, blood vessel returns to normal state
186
**Mention some types of white blood cells and their function.**
Lymphocytes – produce antibodies used in immunity
Macrophages – mobile, amoeba-like, engulf foreign particles & bacteria
187
What are the main types of blood vessels and their functions?
Arteries: carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body; maintain blood pressure during diastole
Veins: carry oxygen-poor blood from body back to heart
Capillaries: single-cell thin walls allow for diffusion of materials between blood, interstitial fluids, and body cells
188
**What are the parts and functions of the lymphatic system?**
Parts: l. vessels, l. capillaries, l. nodes, thymus, spleen
Functions: returns excess interstitial fluid to circulation; transports fats from small intestine to circulation; contributes to immunity
189
identify the image:
open circulatory system
190
bone
191
blood
192
cartilage
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
megakaryocyte forming platelets
201
negative feedback diagram
\*\*\*\*NEED TO LABEL\*\*\*
202
Gas exchange supports _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cellular respiration
203
Gas exchange in vertebrates:
* Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, deposited in \_\_\_\_\_, and transported to ____ \_\_\_\_\_.
* Oxygen is used in _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to convert the energy in nutrients in \_\_\_, generating ___ as a waste product.
* Blood transports ___ from tissues to lungs.
* ___ is released from lungs during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
blood
body cells
cellular respiration
ATP
CO2
CO2
CO2
exhalation
204
What 3 features are common to all animal respiratory systems?
* moist surfaces to accomodate gas diffusion
* cells lining surface are thin to optimize gas diffusion
* large surface area for adequate gas exchange
205
Some animals in moist environments, such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, lack ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_;
they bring the environment close to all their cells which allows _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of _____ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
specialized respiratory structures
greater exposure
cells
oxygen
206
In all flatworms, gas exchange by ________ occurs through an extensive \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ surface;
some flatworms also possess a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ used for gas exchange.
diffusion
gas-permeable skin
gastrovascular cavity
207
Some large animals in moist environments, such as ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, have ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ demands and rely on their ________ \_\_\_\_\_ ________ for gas exchange.
sea jellies
low energy
moist body surface
208
Some animals in moist environments, such as earthworms, combine ______ \_\_\_\_\_ _______ area with \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circulation for delivery to cells;
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carry oxygen from skin to body tissues which sustains a favorable oxygen ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between skin and blood.
large skin surface
well-developed
capillaries
concentration gradient
209
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ describes when fluids or gases move through spaces from high pressure to low pressure.
bulk flow
210
Respiratory systems alternate ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of air/water and ________ of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
bulk flow
diffusion
gases
211
Gas exchange in mammals:
1. Gases move in/out of the lungs by ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
2. O2 & CO2 are exchanged in lungs by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
3. Gases dissolved in blood are transported to/from tissues by _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
4. O2 & CO2 are exchanged in tissues by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
bulk flow
diffusion
bulk flow
diffusion
212
In aquatic animals, _____ are _______ projections of the body that exchange gases, which can be elaborately folded to ________ their ______ \_\_\_\_, and have many ________ to bring blood to ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for gas exchange.
gills
external
maximize
surface area
capillaries
body surface
213
Fish gills are protected by a bony flap called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
operculum
214
Fish controls water flow over gills by ________________________ ,
and water flows over gills and out of body through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
openings.
swimming with mouth open
opecular
215
Two common terrestrial respiratory structures are:
tracheae (insects)
lungs (most terrestrial vertebrates)
216
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are elaborately branched internal tubes that deliver air to body cells.
Tracheae
217
Tracheae branch into smaller tubes called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tracheoles
218
Air enters tracheae through abdominal openings called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
spiracles
219
Some insects use ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to enhance air movements.
abdominal contractions
220
221
222
Many amphibians:
* use _____ as larvae
* and simple, \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ _____ as more terrestrial adults
* use the skin as a supplemental ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– Example: tadpoles and a bullfrog
gills
sac-like lungs
respiratory surface
223
In reptiles:
* Scales reduce ____ \_\_\_\_\_ loss and allow for survival in dry environments
* and reduce ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ through skin
* Lungs have more ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_ area than amphibians
water loss
gas exchange
respiratory surface
224
Birds breathe exclusively with \_\_\_\_\_, which are extremely efficient at accommodating ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ during flight.
Air flows through lungs during __________ and _________ due to coordination of ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lungs
oxygen demands
inhalation
exhalation
air sac activity
225
Bird lungs are filled with thin walled tubes called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
parabronchi
226
The human respiratory system can be divided into two parts
– The _________ portion
– The \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ portion
conducting
gas-exchange
227
The ________ portion is a series of passageways that carry air into the ____________ portion of the lungs that:
* _____ and _______ air on way to lungs
* filters ______ via _____ that lines respiratory passages
* mucus is carried to ________ by _____ lining respiratory passages
conducting
gas-exchange
warms
moistens
debris
mucus
pharynx
cilia
228
List the body parts/organs/tissues that make up the conducting portion of the human respiratory system:
nose & mouth
nasal cavity & oral
pharynx
larynx (& vocal cords)
epiglottis
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
229
The _______ is the chamber where nasal & oral cavities converge.
pharynx
230
The larynx contains _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
vocal cords
231
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are bands of elastic tissue controlled by muscles that vibrate as exhaled air passes over them.
Vocal cords
232
The larynx is covered by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering it when swallowing.
epiglottis
233
Bronchioles are lined with _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ that can constrict or dilate the passageway.
smooth muscle
234
Name the structures of the gas exchange portion of the human respiratory system:
alveoli
capillary networks
respiratory membrane
alveolar membrane
surfactant fluid
235
\_\_\_\_\_ are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
* ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in both lungs
* have an extensive collective ______ \_\_\_\_
* are enmeshed in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* are made of a single thin layer of ___________ \_\_\_\_\_ that form the innermost portion of the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ across which ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs
alveoli
300 million
surface area
capillaries
endothelial cells
respiratory membrane
gas exchange
236
The respiratory membrane
* consists of the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the layer of _______ \_\_\_\_\_ that forms the innermost wall of each capillary
* The _______ and _______ walls are only one cell thick, minimizing _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for gases between the blood and the air
alveolar epithelium
endothelial cells
alveolar
capillary
diffusion distance
237
Oxygen diffuses down the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from lung air into ________ \_\_\_\_\_ and is then transported to the _____ and then the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
concentration gradient
capillary blood
heart
rest of the body
238
Metabolically active tissues release _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into blood, which transports it to ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where it diffuses down the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into _______ \_\_\_, which is then exhaled.
carbon dioxide
alveolar capillaries
concentration gradient
alveolar air
239
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the oily secretion lining alveolar walls that reduces _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ during exhalation.
Surfactant
surface tension
prevent collapse
240
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an iron-containing protein in blood that can bind to ____ \_\_\_ molecules.
When bound to O2 it is \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_, when not bound it is \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_.
Hemoglobin
four O2
cherry-red
maroon-red
241
CO2 is transported in the blood in three ways:
(1) Dissolved in _____ as ___ (10%)
(2) Bound to __________ (20%)
(3) As ___________ ions (70%)
plasma
CO2
hemoglobin
bicarbonate
242
The __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a cluster of nerve cells located in the _______ of the brain that generates _______ bursts of _________ that cause __________ of respiratory muscles, and sets baseline ________ \_\_\_\_.
respiratory center
medulla
cyclic
contraction
impulses
breathing rate
243
Breathing rate can be modified by
– blood ___ levels
– blood ___ levels
– ______ levels
CO2
O2
activity
244
When _____________ in medulla detect elevated ___ levels,
they stimulate the ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_
which causes an increase in ________ \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_.
chemoreceptors
CO2
respiratory center
breathing rate & depth
245
When chemoreceptors in _____ and _____ arteries detect drastically low __ levels, they stimulate the respiratory center which causes an increase in breathing rate and depth (but \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_).
aorta
carotid
O2
has little influence on normal breathing
246
During exercise, _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _______ activate _______ and stimulate the respiratory center, which causes increased breathing rate and depth and occurs _________ significant changes in blood ___ and __ concentrations.
higher brain centers
muscles
in advance of
CO2
O2
247
List the organ systems of the human body (11)
integumentary
respiratory
circulatory
lymphatic/immune
nervous
endocrine
digestive
urinary
skeletal
muscular
reproductive
248
249
250
251
252
Respiration is the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
combination of breathing and cellular respiration
253
What type of respiratory system do sponges have?
Water delivers gases directly to the sponge cells, eliminating the need for respiratory structures
254
What is a respiration challenge that monkeys face but fish don’t?
Dry air makes it a challenge to keep respiratory structures moist
255
What specialized adaptation do birds have that other animals do not?
They can remove oxygen from air during exhalation and inhalation
256
When you choke on water or a small food particle, what structure is operating too slowly?
epiglottis
257
Which of the following transport mechanisms in the blood is shared by both carbon dioxide and oxygen?
* Converted to and transported as carbon monoxide
* Dissolved in the blood plasm
* Transported on hemoglobin
* Transported as sodium bicarbonate ions
Transported on hemoglobin
258
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
oxygen & glucose
259
What are the products of cellular respiration?
ATP, carbon dioxide, water
260
What organisms lack specialized respiratory surfaces?
Sponges and jellyfish
261
What are the specialized respiratory structures of insects, and what are the openings in the exoskeleton called?
tracheae
spiracles
262
What organisms present lungs?
amphibians (adults)
reptiles & birds
mammals
263
What organism has the most efficient lungs and why?
Mammals
264
What is the pathway that air follows in the human respiratory system?
nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (and back out)
265
What are the steps of respiration?
Conduction: inhaled air is moistened & warmed & debris removed as it moves through the nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, to the alveoli
Gas exchange in alveoli: O2 from air diffuses down conc. gradient into capillary blood, then to heart, then to body; CO2 from blood diffuses down conc. gradient into alveolus, then exhaled
266
How do Oxygen and Carbon dioxide get transported?
O2: hemoglobin
CO2: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or reacts with water to form bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
