CH 22 Flashcards
What are the two major plant groups?
Nonvascular (Bryophytes)
and
Vascular (Tracheophytes)
The three subgroups of nonvascular/bryophytes are ______, ______. and ______.
The three subgroups of nonvascular/bryophytes are liverworts, hornworts. and mosses.
The two types of vascular/tracheophytes
are ____ plants & ________ plants.
The two types of vascular/tracheophytes
are seed plants & seedless plants.
The seedless (vascular) tracheophytes are
____ ________, ________, and ____.
The seedless (vascular) tracheophytes are
club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
The seeded (vascular) tracheophytes are _________ and _________.
The seeded (vascular) tracheophytes are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
____________ (vascular/tracheophytes)
have seeds & cones but not flowers & fruits.
Gymnosperms (vascular/tracheophytes)
have seeds & cones but not flowers & fruits.
_____________ (vascular/tracheophytes)
have seeds, flowers, & fruits.
Angiosperms (vascular/tracheophytes)
have seeds, flowers, & fruits.
The dominant phase/structure in
nonvascular/bryophytes is the __________.
The dominant phase/structure in
nonvascular/bryophytes is the gametophyte.
The dominant phase/structure in
seedless tracheophytes is the ___________.
The dominant phase/structure in
seedless tracheophytes is the sporophyte.
The dominant phase/structure in
vascular seed plants is the ___________.
The dominant phase/structure in
vascular seed plants is the sporophyte.
How are reproductive cells
transferred in bryophytes?
sperm swim to egg on gametophyte
How are reproductive cells transferred
in seedless tracheophytes?
sperm swim to egg on gametophyte
How are reproductive cells
transferred in gymnosperms?
wind-dispersed pollen carries
sperm to egg in cone
How are reproductive cells
transferred in angiosperms?
pollen, dispersed by wind or animals,
carries sperm to egg within flower
Where does the embryo develop in liverworts, hornworts, and mosses (nonvascular/bryophytes)?
within archegonium of gametophyte
Where does the embryo develop in club mosses, horsetails, and ferns (seedless tracheophytes)?
within archegonium of gametophyte
Where does the embryo develop in gymnosperms?
within a seed
Where does the embryo develop in angiosperms?
within a seed - encased in a fruit
How are spores dispersed by nonvascular plants?
haploid spores are carried by wind
How are spores dispersed by
seedles vascular plants?
haploid spores are carried by wind
How are spores dispersed by gymnosperms?
wind or animals disperse seeds
How are spores dispersed by angiosperms?
animals, wind, and/or water
disperse seed-carrying-fruit
What kind of embryo does a
gymnosperm seed contain?
diploid sporophyte
The evidence of an evolutionary relationship
between green algae & plants includes
___ ________,
use of the same ________
& accessory ________,
both store food as ________,
and both have cell walls made of ________.
The evidence of an evolutionary relationship
between green algae & plants includes
DNA similarity,
use of the same chlorophylls
& accessory pigments,
both store food as starch,
and both have cell walls made of cellulose.
T/F:
Green algae and plants both use the same chlorophylls and accessory pigments.
True:
Green algae and plants both use the same chlorophylls and accessory pigments.
T/F:
Green algae & plants both store food as starch.
True:
Green algae & plants both store food as starch.
T/F:
Plants have cell walls made of cellulose,
but green algae does not.
False:
Green algae & plants both have
cell walls made of cellulose.
The evolutionary adaptations that enabled
aquatic plants to become terrestrial include
_____/_____, waxy ________, ________,
conducting ________, and _____.
The evolutionary adaptations that enabled
aquatic plants to become terrestrial include
roots/rhizoids, waxy cuticles, stomatos,
conducting vessels, and lignin.
The three central characteristics
of the plant kingdom are __________,
multicellular ______,
and ________ of _________.
The three central characteristics
of the plant kingdom are photosynthesis,
multicellular embryos,
and alternation of generations.
In the alternation of generations,
the __________ is the reproductive body
that is the matured diploid embryo
which eventually releases spores.
In the alternation of generations,
the sporophyte is the reproductive body
that is the matured diploid embryo
which eventually releases spores.
In vascular plants, which is dominant:
sporophyte or gametophyte?
sporophyte
In the alternation of generations,
which body is haploid,
formed from spores that
underwent meiotic division?
gametophyte
What is the male,
sperm-producing organ
of the gametophyte?
antheridium
What is the female, egg-producing
organ of the gametophyte?
archegonium
What does the mature sporophyte produce?
spores
Bryophytes are __________ plants
that live near _____,
lack __________ _______,
and lack true ____, _____, and ______.
Bryophytes are nonvascular plants
that live near water,
lack conducting vessels,
and lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
What are three types of bryophytes?
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
T/F:
Bryophytes are limited in size because
they are nonvascular and lack lignin.
True:
bc they rely on the diffusion of water
and can’t stand tall
Which stage is dominant in bryophytes, gametophyte or sporophyte?
Gametophyte is dominant.
Sporophytes are nutrionally dependent
upon them, and remain attached.
Bryophytes differ from vascular plants in that
bryophytes lack a ________ ______,
lack _____, and the dominant reproductive
phase/structure is the ___________.
Bryophytes differ from vascular plants in that
bryophytes lack a vascular system,
lack lignin, and the dominant reproductive
phase/structure is the gametophyte.
Adaptations that provide
advantages to vascular plants,
which are lacking in nonvascular plants,
include _____, _____, ______,
______, _____. and _____ (in some).
Adaptations that provide
advantages to vascular plants,
which are lacking in nonvascular plants,
include roots, stems, leaves,
lignin, veins. and seeds (in some).
T/F:
Non-vascular plants have lignin.
False:
Non-vascular plants lack lignin.
What are the 2 main groups of vascular plants?
Seedless and Seeded
What are three types of vascular, seedless plants?
mosses, horsetails, ferns
What are the two types of vascular, seeded plants?
Angiosperms (flowering)
Gymnosperms (non-flowering)
What is the dominant phase in vascular plants, gametophyte or sporophyte?
sporophyte
What structures represent the male and female gametophytes in vascular, seedless plants?
male, antheridium, produces sperm;
female, archegonium, produces eggs
How is the gametophyte represented
in vascular, seeded plants?
Male gametophyte:
stamen (anther & filament), produces pollen grains that contain microscopic sperm.
Female gametophyte:
carpel (stigma, style, ovary) produces microscopic groups of haploid cells.
T/F:
Spermatophyta do not produce seeds.
False:
Spermatophyta include the seed-producing gymnosperms & angiosperms
The 4 types of Gymnosperms are
G______, C_____, G__________, and C_______.
The 4 types of Gymnosperms are
Gingkos, Cycads, Gnetophytes, and Conifers.
T/F:
Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers,
but not fruits.
False:
Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers,
and some also produce fruits
T/F:
Anjuga chamaepitys is an example
of a ground pine.
True
Lycopodium abscurum, a gymnosperm,
is an example of a ______ ____.
Lycopodium abscurum, a gymnosperm,
is an example of a ground pine.
Equisetum, a seedless tracheophyte,
belongs to which subgroup of plants?
horsetail
T/F:
Monocots have parallel veins,
flower parts in multiples of 3,
and fibrous roots.
True
T/F:
Dicots have branched veins,
flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5,
and taproots.
true
__________ plants have male & female
flower parts on the same plant;
_________ plants have distinctly
male or female plants.
Monoecious plants have male & female
flower parts on the same plant;
dioecious plants have distinctly
male or female plants.
Ginkgo trees are either male or female.
Are they monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
What do gymnosperms & angiosperms
have in common?
They are both spermadophyta -
vascular, seeded plants.
What is the difference between
gymnosperms & angiosperms?
gymnospersm: non-flowering
angiosperms: flowering (and some, fruiting)
How does pollenation occur
in angiosperms & gymnosperms?
pollen is dispersed by wind or by animal (pollinator)
T/F:
A fruit is the ripened ovary of a seed-bearing plant.
True
The proper order of the
Alternation of Generations is:
m______,
h______ ______,
g__________ (_______ plant),
g_____ p_________,
_______ z_____,
_______ s________.
The proper order of the
Alternation of Generations is:
meiosis,
haploid spore,
gametophyte (haploid plant),
gamete production,
diploid zygote,
diploid sporophyte.
Which of the following functions that anchor ecosystems is NOT permormed by plants?
1) create & maintain soil,
2) supply nutrients to the rest of the ecosystem,
3) recycle energy from dead organisms,
4) supply energy to the rest of the food web
3) recycle energy from dead organisms.
Which of the following do humans rely on plants for? (select all that apply)
1) fuel for heating homes/cooking,
2) gasoline for cars,
3) housing frames,
4) breaking down wastes
1, 2, & 3: Humans rely on plants for fuel for heating homes/cooking, gasoline for cars, and housing frames.
(4 - Humans do NOT rely on plants for breaking down wastes.)
T/F:
The ancestors of modern plants
possessed chlorophyll.
True
Which of the following are
reproductive adaptations that allowed
successful habitation of plants on land?
roots, leaves, seeds, pollen
seeds & pollen
(roots & leaves are not reproductive)
Which of the following is NOT
a plant adaptation for life on land?
1) waxy cuticles,
2) roots,
3) colonial living,
4) stomatas
3) colonial living
What is the function of waxy cuticle on plants?
prevents water loss
What is the function of roots?
stabilization, absorb water, absorb nutrients/minerals, produce hormones (pericycle/branch roots)
What is the function of stomata?
gas/water exchange
________ are to plants
as amphibians are to animals.
Gymnosperms
…but I have no idea why, this was from a quiz question and I swear it makes no sense.
Why is water needed for bryophyte reproduction?
The sperm must swim to the egg.
What is the main difference
between club moss & moss?
Club moss has vascular tissue.
Moss does not; it is a bryophyte.
Which plants produce pollen - seedless or seed?
Only seed plants produce pollen.
Adaptations that enable evergreen trees
to live in cold, dry ecosystems include
a ____ __________ coating,
___ that contains __________,
and year-round ______ & ______________.
Adaptations that enable evergreen trees
to live in cold, dry ecosystems include
a waxy waterproof coating,
sap that contains antifreeze,
and year-round growth & photosynthesis.
Which of the following adaptations
belong to angiosperms?
1) broad leaves,
2) needle-like leaves,
3) flowers,
4) fruit
broad leaves, flowers, and fruit
In angiosperms, how does
the sperm reach the egg?
The pollen forms a tube in the stigma,
through which the sperm travels to meet the egg.
Which of the following are characteristics of angiosperms?
fruits, embryos, water-borne sperm, seeds
fruits, embryos, seeds
What is the closes living relative of plants?
stoneworts green algae
What are the 2 major plant groups?
Bryophytes (nonvascular),
Tracheophytes (vascular)
What are the 3 types of nonvascular plants?
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
What are the 2 divisions of vascular plants?
seed plants and seedless
What are the two types of vascular, seed plants?
angiosperms & gymnosperms
Where do bryophytes live?
near water
Do bryophytes have
roots, stems, leaves and veins?
No, they have rhizoids & talloids,
no vascular system.
What are the reproductive organs of
bryophytes and where are they located?
female: archegonia & male: antheridia
within protected structures on the gametophyte
What does the gametophyte produce?
gametes
T/F:
In bryophytes, archegonia and antheridia
are always located on separate plants.
False:
They may be located on the
same or different plants
Lycopodium abscurum is a species of club moss whose common name is ______ ____.
Lycopodium abscurum is a species of club moss whose common name is ground pine.
T/F:
Horsetails (Equisetum) have
an outer layer of cells containing silica.
True
What is the largest group of
seedless vascular plants?
Ferns, with over 12k species
T/F:
Ferns are the only seedless vascular plants
with broad leaves.
True
In seed plants, what do pollen grains contain?
sperm, sperm-producing cells
The 3 components of a seed are:
_________ _____,
____ ______,
and ____ ____.
The 3 components of a seed are:
embryonic plant,
food supply,
and seed coat.
What group of plants were the first
fully terrstrial plants to evolve?
gymnosperms
T/F:
Ginkgo biloba are the only living
species of Ginkgos.
True
Which group of gymnosperms
are tropical, either male or female,
and can live for 100s to 1000s of years?
Cycads
What group of gymnosperms includes
70 species of shrubs, vines,
and small trees, including Ephedra?
gnetophytes
What group of gymnosperms are adapted to
dry, cold conditions and includes
pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, and cypresses?
conifers
What group of seed plants have broad leaves
and produce flowers and fruits?
angiosperms
What is the smallest angiosperm?
duckweed
What is the tallest angiosperm?
eucalyptus tree
What is the reproductive structure of
angiosperms, housing both M/F gametophytes?
flowers
What structure is the mature ovary of angiosperms?
fruit
Evolutionary path of plants:
g____ a____ (c__________),
n__________ (__________),
s_______ v________,
g__________,
a__________
Evolutionary path of plants:
green algae (charophytes),
nonvascular (bryophytes),
seedless vascular,
gymnosperms,
angiosperms
