CH 22 Flashcards by Amanda Everett

Q

What are the two major plant groups?

A

Nonvascular (Bryophytes)

and

Vascular (Tracheophytes)

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Q

The three subgroups of nonvascular/bryophytes are ______, ______. and ______.

A

The three subgroups of nonvascular/bryophytes are liverworts, hornworts. and mosses.

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Q

The two types of vascular/tracheophytes

are ____ plants & ________ plants.

A

The two types of vascular/tracheophytes

are seed plants & seedless plants.

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Q

The seedless (vascular) tracheophytes are

____ ________, ________, and ____.

A

The seedless (vascular) tracheophytes are

club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.

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Q

The seeded (vascular) tracheophytes are _________ and _________.

A

The seeded (vascular) tracheophytes are gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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Q

____________ (vascular/tracheophytes)

have seeds & cones but not flowers & fruits.

A

Gymnosperms (vascular/tracheophytes)

have seeds & cones but not flowers & fruits.

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Q

_____________ (vascular/tracheophytes)

have seeds, flowers, & fruits.

A

Angiosperms (vascular/tracheophytes)

have seeds, flowers, & fruits.

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Q

The dominant phase/structure in

nonvascular/bryophytes is the __________.

A

The dominant phase/structure in

nonvascular/bryophytes is the gametophyte.

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Q

The dominant phase/structure in

seedless tracheophytes is the ___________.

A

The dominant phase/structure in

seedless tracheophytes is the sporophyte.

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Q

The dominant phase/structure in

vascular seed plants is the ___________.

A

The dominant phase/structure in

vascular seed plants is the sporophyte.

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Q

How are reproductive cells

transferred in bryophytes?

A

sperm swim to egg on gametophyte

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Q

How are reproductive cells transferred

in seedless tracheophytes?

A

sperm swim to egg on gametophyte

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Q

How are reproductive cells

transferred in gymnosperms?

A

wind-dispersed pollen carries

sperm to egg in cone

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Q

How are reproductive cells

transferred in angiosperms?

A

pollen, dispersed by wind or animals,

carries sperm to egg within flower

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Q

Where does the embryo develop in liverworts, hornworts, and mosses (nonvascular/bryophytes)?

A

within archegonium of gametophyte

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Q

Where does the embryo develop in club mosses, horsetails, and ferns (seedless tracheophytes)?

A

within archegonium of gametophyte

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Q

Where does the embryo develop in gymnosperms?

A

within a seed

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Q

Where does the embryo develop in angiosperms?

A

within a seed - encased in a fruit

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Q

How are spores dispersed by nonvascular plants?

A

haploid spores are carried by wind

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Q

How are spores dispersed by

seedles vascular plants?

A

haploid spores are carried by wind

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Q

How are spores dispersed by gymnosperms?

A

wind or animals disperse seeds

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Q

How are spores dispersed by angiosperms?

A

animals, wind, and/or water

disperse seed-carrying-fruit

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Q

What kind of embryo does a

gymnosperm seed contain?

A

diploid sporophyte

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Q

The evidence of an evolutionary relationship

between green algae & plants includes

___ ________,

use of the same ________

& accessory ________,

both store food as ________,

and both have cell walls made of ________.

A

The evidence of an evolutionary relationship

between green algae & plants includes

DNA similarity,

use of the same chlorophylls

& accessory pigments,

both store food as starch,

and both have cell walls made of cellulose.

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T/F: Green algae and plants both use the same chlorophylls and accessory pigments.

True: Green algae and plants both use the same chlorophylls and accessory pigments.

T/F: Green algae & plants both store food as starch.

True: Green algae & plants both store food as starch.

T/F: Plants have cell walls made of cellulose, but green algae does not.

False: Green algae & plants both have cell walls made of cellulose.

The evolutionary adaptations that enabled aquatic plants to become terrestrial include **\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_**, waxy **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, conducting **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, and **\_\_\_\_\_**.

The evolutionary adaptations that enabled aquatic plants to become terrestrial include **roots/rhizoids**, waxy **cuticles**, **stomatos**, conducting **vessels**, and **lignin**.

The three central characteristics of the plant kingdom are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, multicellular **\_\_\_\_\_\_**, and **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

The three central characteristics of the plant kingdom are **photosynthesis**, multicellular **embryos**, and **alternation** of **generations**.

In the alternation of generations, the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is the reproductive body that is the matured diploid embryo which eventually releases spores.

In the alternation of generations, the **sporophyte** is the reproductive body that is the matured diploid embryo which eventually releases spores.

In vascular plants, which is dominant: sporophyte or gametophyte?

sporophyte

In the alternation of generations, which body is haploid, formed from spores that underwent meiotic division?

gametophyte

What is the male, sperm-producing organ of the gametophyte?

antheridium

What is the female, egg-producing organ of the gametophyte?

archegonium

What does the mature sporophyte produce?

spores

Bryophytes are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** plants that live near **\_\_\_\_\_**, lack **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, and lack true **\_\_\_\_**, **\_\_\_\_\_**, and **\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Bryophytes are **nonvascular** plants that live near **water**, lack **conducting** **vessels**, and lack true **roots**, **stems**, and **leaves**.

What are three types of bryophytes?

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

T/F: Bryophytes are limited in size because they are nonvascular and lack lignin.

True: bc they rely on the diffusion of water and can't stand tall

Which stage is dominant in bryophytes, gametophyte or sporophyte?

Gametophyte is dominant. Sporophytes are nutrionally dependent upon them, and remain attached.

Bryophytes differ from vascular plants in that bryophytes lack a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_, lack \_\_\_\_\_, and the dominant reproductive phase/structure is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Bryophytes differ from vascular plants in that bryophytes lack a **vascular system**, lack **lignin**, and the dominant reproductive phase/structure is the **gametophyte**.

Adaptations that provide advantages to vascular plants, which are lacking in nonvascular plants, include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_. and _____ (in some).

Adaptations that provide advantages to vascular plants, which are lacking in nonvascular plants, include **roots**, **stems**, **leaves**, **lignin**, **veins**. and **seeds** (in some).

T/F: Non-vascular plants have lignin.

False: Non-vascular plants lack lignin.

What are the 2 main groups of vascular plants?

Seedless and Seeded

What are three types of vascular, seedless plants?

mosses, horsetails, ferns

What are the two types of vascular, seeded plants?

Angiosperms (flowering) Gymnosperms (non-flowering)

What is the dominant phase in vascular plants, gametophyte or sporophyte?

sporophyte

What structures represent the male and female gametophytes in vascular, seedless plants?

male, antheridium, produces sperm; female, archegonium, produces eggs

How is the gametophyte represented in vascular, seeded plants?

**Male gametophyte:** stamen (anther & filament), produces pollen grains that contain microscopic sperm. **Female gametophyte:** carpel (stigma, style, ovary) produces microscopic groups of haploid cells.

T/F: Spermatophyta do not produce seeds.

False: Spermatophyta include the seed-producing gymnosperms & angiosperms

The 4 types of Gymnosperms are **G\_\_\_\_\_\_, C\_\_\_\_\_, G\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,** and **C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

The 4 types of Gymnosperms are **Gingkos, Cycads, Gnetophytes,** and **Conifers**.

T/F: Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers, but not fruits.

False: Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers, and some also produce fruits

T/F: Anjuga chamaepitys is an example of a ground pine.

True

Lycopodium abscurum, a gymnosperm, is an example of a ______ \_\_\_\_.

Lycopodium abscurum, a gymnosperm, is an example of a **ground pine.**

*Equisetum*, a seedless tracheophyte, belongs to which subgroup of plants?

horsetail

T/F: Monocots have parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3, and fibrous roots.

True

T/F: Dicots have branched veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, and taproots.

true

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** plants have male & female flower parts on the same plant; **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** plants have distinctly male or female plants.

**Monoecious** plants have male & female flower parts on the same plant; **dioecious** plants have distinctly male or female plants.

Ginkgo trees are either male or female. Are they monoecious or dioecious?

Dioecious

What do gymnosperms & angiosperms have in common?

They are both spermadophyta - vascular, seeded plants.

What is the difference between gymnosperms & angiosperms?

gymnospersm: non-flowering angiosperms: flowering (and some, fruiting)

How does pollenation occur in angiosperms & gymnosperms?

pollen is dispersed by wind or by animal (pollinator)

T/F: A fruit is the ripened ovary of a seed-bearing plant.

True

The proper order of the Alternation of Generations is: **m\_\_\_\_\_\_,** **h\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_,** **g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plant),** **g\_\_\_\_\_ p\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ z\_\_\_\_\_,** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**

The proper order of the Alternation of Generations is: **meiosis,** **haploid spore,** **gametophyte (haploid plant),** **gamete production,** **diploid zygote,** **diploid sporophyte.**

Which of the following functions that anchor ecosystems is NOT permormed by plants? 1) create & maintain soil, 2) supply nutrients to the rest of the ecosystem, 3) recycle energy from dead organisms, 4) supply energy to the rest of the food web

3) recycle energy from dead organisms.

Which of the following do humans rely on plants for? (select all that apply) 1) fuel for heating homes/cooking, 2) gasoline for cars, 3) housing frames, 4) breaking down wastes

**1, 2, & 3:** Humans rely on plants for fuel for heating homes/cooking, gasoline for cars, and housing frames. (4 - Humans do NOT rely on plants for breaking down wastes.)

T/F: The ancestors of modern plants possessed chlorophyll.

True

Which of the following are reproductive adaptations that allowed successful habitation of plants on land? roots, leaves, seeds, pollen

**seeds & pollen** | (roots & leaves are not reproductive)

Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation for life on land? 1) waxy cuticles, 2) roots, 3) colonial living, 4) stomatas

3) colonial living

What is the function of waxy cuticle on plants?

prevents water loss

What is the function of roots?

stabilization, absorb water, absorb nutrients/minerals, produce hormones (pericycle/branch roots)

What is the function of stomata?

gas/water exchange

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are to plants as amphibians are to animals.

Gymnosperms ...but I have no idea why, this was from a quiz question and I swear it makes no sense.

Why is water needed for bryophyte reproduction?

The sperm must swim to the egg.

What is the main difference between club moss & moss?

Club moss has vascular tissue. Moss does not; it is a bryophyte.

Which plants produce pollen - seedless or seed?

Only seed plants produce pollen.

Adaptations that enable evergreen trees to live in cold, dry ecosystems include a ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ coating, \_\_\_ that contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and year-round ______ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Adaptations that enable evergreen trees to live in cold, dry ecosystems include a **waxy** **waterproof** coating, **sap** that contains **antifreeze**, and year-round **growth** & **photosynthesis**.

Which of the following adaptations belong to angiosperms? 1) broad leaves, 2) needle-like leaves, 3) flowers, 4) fruit

**broad leaves, flowers, and fruit**

In angiosperms, how does the sperm reach the egg?

The pollen forms a tube in the stigma, through which the sperm travels to meet the egg.

Which of the following are characteristics of angiosperms? fruits, embryos, water-borne sperm, seeds

fruits, embryos, seeds

What is the closes living relative of plants?

stoneworts green algae

What are the 2 major plant groups?

Bryophytes (nonvascular), Tracheophytes (vascular)

What are the 3 types of nonvascular plants?

Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

What are the 2 divisions of vascular plants?

seed plants and seedless

What are the two types of vascular, seed plants?

angiosperms & gymnosperms

Where do bryophytes live?

near water

Do bryophytes have roots, stems, leaves and veins?

No, they have rhizoids & talloids, no vascular system.

What are the reproductive organs of bryophytes and where are they located?

female: archegonia & male: antheridia within protected structures on the gametophyte

What does the gametophyte produce?

gametes

T/F: In bryophytes, archegonia and antheridia are always located on separate plants.

False: They may be located on the same or different plants

Lycopodium abscurum is a species of club moss whose common name is **\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_**.

Lycopodium abscurum is a species of club moss whose common name is **ground pine.**

T/F: Horsetails (Equisetum) have an outer layer of cells containing silica.

True

What is the largest group of seedless vascular plants?

Ferns, with over 12k species

T/F: Ferns are the only seedless vascular plants with broad leaves.

True

In seed plants, what do pollen grains contain?

sperm, sperm-producing cells

The 3 components of a seed are: **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_,** **\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_,** and **\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_.**

The 3 components of a seed are: **embryonic plant,** **food supply,** and **seed coat.**

What group of plants were the first fully terrstrial plants to evolve?

gymnosperms

T/F: Ginkgo biloba are the only living species of Ginkgos.

True

Which group of gymnosperms are tropical, either male or female, and can live for 100s to 1000s of years?

Cycads

What group of gymnosperms includes 70 species of shrubs, vines, and small trees, including Ephedra?

gnetophytes

What group of gymnosperms are adapted to dry, cold conditions and includes pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, and cypresses?

conifers

What group of seed plants have broad leaves and produce flowers and fruits?

angiosperms

What is the smallest angiosperm?

duckweed

What is the tallest angiosperm?

eucalyptus tree

What is the reproductive structure of angiosperms, housing both M/F gametophytes?

flowers

What structure is the mature ovary of angiosperms?

fruit

Evolutionary path of plants: g\_\_\_\_ a\_\_\_\_ (c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), n\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), s\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ v\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, g\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Evolutionary path of plants: **green algae (charophytes),** **nonvascular (bryophytes),** **seedless vascular,** **gymnosperms**, **angiosperms**