CH 19 Flashcards
In the __________ _______ _______,
a species is the smallest group of organsims
that contains all the descendant’s of a common ancestor.
In the phylogenetic species concept,
a species is the smallest group of organsims
that contains all the descendant’s of a common ancestor.
The kingdom that contains
mostly unicellular eukaryotes is _______.
The kingdom that contains
mostly unicellular eukaryotes is Protista.
List the post-1969 kingdoms of Eukarya:
(from Whitaker:)
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Bacteria, Protista
List the modern day kingdoms of Eukarya:
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista
Tropical Rain Forests house
what portion of all existing species?
2/3
_______ are groups that include all the organisms
descended from a common ancestor.
(iow, is __________)
Clades are groups that include all the organisms
descended from a common ancestor.
(iow, is monophyletic)
The 2 types of evidence used for inferring
evolutionary relationships are:
_______ (_______ sequencing, _______
structure, _______ structure) (most important)
_________ (____ structure, _________ simil., ______)
The 2 types of evidence used for inferring
evolutionary relationships are:
Molecular (Nucleotide sequencing, chromosome
structure, protein structure) (most important)
Anatomical (body structure, microscopic simil., fossils)
What is the evidence that HIV originated
in non-human primates?
HIV was traced to its closest evolutionary relative:
SIV in chimpanzees
_________ is the total number
of species in an ecosystem.
Biodiversity is the total number
of species in an ecosystem.
What 3 characteristics are common to both
Bacteria & Archaea?
prokaryotic
asexual reproduction
unicellular
Genetic similarities examined by systematists include:
________ ________
&
________ ________
nucleotide sequences
&
chromosome structure
Rules for writing binomial nomenclature:
Can write _____ alone, not _____;
Capitalize _____, not _____;
May abbreviate _____ when written with _____;
_______ or _______ both.
Rules for writing binomial nomenclature:
Can write Genus alone, not species;
Capitalize Genus, not species;
May abbreviate Genus when written with species;
Underline or Italicize both.
In a __________ group,
all the members in the group
have a common ancestor,
but the group does not include
___ ___ __________ of that ancestor.
In a paraphyletic group,
all the members in the group
have a common ancestor,
but the group does not include
ALL the descendants of that ancestor.
Evidence of evolutionary closeness
between chimps & humans:
• _______ are 99% similar (1 _______ split in 2)
• ___ came from ___ (closely related viruses share a common ancestor)
Evidence of evolutionary closeness
between chimps & humans:
• genomes are 99% similar (1 chromosome split in 2)
• HIV came from SIV (closely related viruses share a common ancestor)
In the __________ _______ _______,
a species is a group of organisms that
actually or potentially interbreed.
In the biological species concept,
a species is a group of organisms that
actually or potentially interbreed.
A __________ group contains
ALL descendants from a common ancestor.
A monophyletic group contains
ALL descendants from a common ancestor.
Systematists examine 3 types of similarities:
_______,
__________,
& ___________.
Systematists examine 3 types of similarities:
genetic,
anatomical,
& microscopic.
Taxonomic ranks categorize _______
by relative ____ & ________.
Taxonomic ranks categorize clades
by relative size & inclusiveness.
_________ is the evolutionary history
of a group of organisms.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history
of a group of organisms.
Ancient origins of classification:
Aristotle, ~400 BC, Scala Naturae
Darwin’s contribution to classification (1800s) was the
discovery that all life was _______ __ ______ ________,
so _________ __________ should reflect that.
Darwin’s contribution to classification (1800s) was the
discovery that all life was related by common ancestry,
so taxonomic categories should reflect that.
List the 3 Domains
(from Woese, 1990,
based on rRNA nucleotide sequencing)
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
List the 8 major categories of classification (in order).
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class >
Order > Family > Genus > Species
(Daring King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)
Binomial classification originated with
_______ _______ (__00s).
_______ _______ was based on
the Creation Story & __________ similarity.
(______ + ______ only)
Binomial classification originated with
Carolus Linnaeus (1700s).
Systema Naturae was based on
the Creation Story & morphological similarity.
(genus + species only)
Of an organism’s scientific name, which one functions as a noun, and which one an adjective?
Noun - Genus
Adjective - species
_______ is the branch of biology concerned
with naming & classifying organisms.
(_____ - named species/group of species)
(____ - plural)
Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned
with naming & classifying organisms.
(taxon - named species/group of species)
(taxa - plural)
Do systematists consider similarities gained via convergence evolution in reconstructing phylogeny?
No - convergence evolution is not useful
Modern classification relies on
_______ which is based on
similarities (_______ or _______)
due to _______ _______
(and excludes _______ evolution).
Modern classification relies on
systematics which is based on
similarities (anatomical or molecular)
due to common ancestry
(and excludes convergent evolution).
The total number of named organisms is _______:
Animals - __%,
Plants & Fungi - __%,
Prokaryotes & Protists - __%,
with an estimated _______ total organisms.
The total number of named organisms is 1.5 million:
Animals - 73%,
Plants & Fungi - 22%,
Prokaryotes & Protists - 5%,
with an estimated 8.7 million total organisms.
Who organized living organisms based on ‘scala naturae’?
Aristotle
Which 2 kingdoms contain
mostly unicellular prokaryotes?
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
Pre-1969 kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae
The main goal of systematics is
reconstructing _______
by _______ organisms
and placing them into _______ categories
based upon their _______ relationships;
communicated via _______ _____.
The main goal of systematics is
reconstructing phylogeny
by naming organisms
and placing them into heirarchical categories
based upon their evolutionary relationships;
communicated via evolutionary trees.
