CH 44 Flashcards
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
are tissues found in the
________ tissue system of plants.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
are tissues found in the
ground tissue system of plants.
Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the
________ tissue systems of plants.
Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the
dermal tissue systems of plants.
Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the
________ tissue systems of plants.
Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the
vascular tissue systems of plants.
Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,
and hormone secretion are functions of
___________ cells in plants.
Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,
and hormone secretion are functions of
parenchyma cells in plants.
Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants
and all leaf stalks are functions of
__________ cells in plants.
Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants
and all leaf stalks are functions of
collenchyma cells in plants.
Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are ___________ cells.
Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are sclerenchyma cells.
Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is ________.
Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is epidermis.
Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots
with a protective cork layer in support of
secondary growth is ________.
Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots
with a protective cork layer in support of
secondary growth is periderm.
Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is ________.
Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is xylem.
Plant tissue that transports sugars
and other organic molecules
throughout the plant body is ________.
Plant tissue that transports sugars
and other organic molecules
throughout the plant body is phloem.
Ground tissue in plants is located between
the ________ and ________ ________
of roots, stems, and leaves.
Ground tissue in plants is located between
the epidermis and vascular tissues
of roots, stems, and leaves.
Dermal tissue in plants is the ______ ______
of roots, stems, and leaves.
Dermal tissue in plants is the outer layer
of roots, stems, and leaves.
Vascular tissue in plants
is located in the ______ of ______ and
dispersed through the ______ and ______.
Vascular tissue in plants
is located in the center of roots and
dispersed through the stems and leaves.
A ________ is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.
A cotyledon is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.
In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:
________, ________ of water & minerals,
_____ storage, production of ________, and
___________ of H2O & substances to/from ____.
In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:
anchorage, absorption of water & minerals,
sugar storage, production of hormones, and
transportation of H2O & substances to/from shoot.
The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:
____________, ____________,
production of ________,
and transportation of ______ &
________ throughout plant.
The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:
photosynthesis, reproduction,
production of hormones,
and transportation of water &
substances throughout plant.
In plants, ________ cells are undifferentiated cells.
In plants, meristem cells are undifferentiated cells.
________ meristems are located at
the tips of roots and shoots.
Apical meristems are located at
the tips of roots and shoots.
________ meristems, or cambia, run parallel
to the long axis of roots and shoots.
Lateral meristems, or cambia, run parallel
to the long axis of roots and shoots.
___________ cells are mature cells
specialized for a specific function.
Differentiated cells are mature cells
specialized for a specific function.
Vessel elements and tracheids
are examples of ____________ cells.
Vessel elements and tracheids
are examples of differentiated cells.
________ ________ occurs by division of
apical meristem cells and differentiation of
their daughter cells and is responsible for
growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.
Primary growth occurs by division of
apical meristem cells and differentiation of
their daughter cells and is responsible for
growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.
__________ _______ occurs by division of lateral
meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter
cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter
of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.
Secondary growth occurs by division of lateral
meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter
cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter
of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.
What are the 2 major parts of most leaves?
petiole and blade
What are the 3 main parts of leaves
(if viewing a cross-section)?
epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles
________ ________ is located just below
the upper epidermis of leaves
and is composed of __________ cells.
Palisade mesophyll is located just below
the upper epidermis of leaves
and is composed of parenchyma cells.
________ ________ is located just above
the lower epidermis of of leaves
and is composed of ___________ cells.
Spongy mesophyll is located just above
the lower epidermis of of leaves
and is composed of parenchyma cells.
Vascular bundles located within the
________ of leaves are called veins.
Vascular bundles located within the
mesophyll of leaves are called veins.
What four tissues compose most young stems?
epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular tissues
In most young stems, the ________ is ground
tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.
In most young stems, the cortex is ground
tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.
In most young stems, the _____ is
ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.
In most young stems, the pith is
ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.
Vascular ________ is meristematic tissue that
forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.
Vascular cambium is meristematic tissue that
forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.
________ is old xylem that is impregnated
with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength
in conifers and woody dicots.
Heartwood is old xylem that is impregnated
with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength
in conifers and woody dicots.
________ is young xylem that is active in
transport in conifers and woody dicots.
Sapwood is young xylem that is active in
transport in conifers and woody dicots.
Bark is composed of ________,
_____ cambium, and _____ ______.
Bark is composed of phloem,
cork cambium, and cork cells.
Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating
_____ and ____ _____ of woody stems and roots.
Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating
light and dark xylem of woody stems and roots.
In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in
_____ when water is plentiful, and dark xylem
is formed in ______ when water is scarce.
In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in
spring when water is plentiful, and dark xylem
is formed in summer when water is scarce.
Tree age is indicated by the
number of _____ rings.
Tree age is indicated by the
number of dark rings.
Tree rings are ________ during dry years.
Tree rings are narrow during dry years.
Meristematic tissue that forms in the
outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots
is _____ cambium, which gives rise to _____ cells.
Meristematic tissue that forms in the
outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots
is cork cambium, which gives rise to cork cells.
Dicots have a ________ system, and
monocots have a _______ ______ system.
Dicots have a taproot system, and
monocots have a fibrous root system.
Primary growth occurs in the ______ ________
near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.
Primary growth occurs in the apical meristem
near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.
The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a ______ ____.
The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a root cap.
The outermost layer of cells of the
root vascular cylinder is the ________.
The outermost layer of cells of the
root vascular cylinder is the pericycle.
Pericycle cells divide to form the
apical meristem of a _______ _____.
Pericycle cells divide to form the
apical meristem of a branch root.
The outermost layer of cells of roots,
which have highly permeable cell walls
and can produce root hairs, is the ________.
The outermost layer of cells of roots,
which have highly permeable cell walls
and can produce root hairs, is the epidermis.
Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells
via ________ ________.
Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells
via active transport.
Water from soil enters root epidermal cells
via ________ and _____ _____.
Water from soil enters root epidermal cells
via osmosis and bulk flow.
_____ _____ is the direct movement of
water and dissolved solutes through
open spaces between the cellulose fibers
of cell walls of root epidermis.
Bulk flow is the direct movement of
water and dissolved solutes through
open spaces between the cellulose fibers
of cell walls of root epidermis.
Root - fungus symbiosis is ________.
Root - fungus symbiosis is mycorrhizae.
________-________ ________ convert
nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate,
enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert
nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate,
enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.
________ house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
in ________ on their roots.
Legumes house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
in nodules on their roots.
Monocots have flower parts in multiples of ____, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of ____.
Monocots have flower parts in multiples of 3-4, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of 5.
Monocots have ________ venation;
dicots have _____________ venation.
Monocots have parallel venation;
dicots have reticulated (palm/pinnate) venation.
Distribution of vascular bundles in stems:
Monocots ________
Dicots ________
Distribution of vascular bundles in stems:
Monocots - scattered
Dicots - in a ring
Monocots have seeds with ___ ________;
dicots have seeds with ___ ________.
Monocots have seeds with one cotyledon;
dicots have seeds with two cotyledon.
What are two types of meristem cells?
apical and lateral
Where are apical meristems located?
tips of roots, shoots, and branches
Lateral meristems are located in _________
_________ of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.
Lateral meristems are located in cylindrical
structures of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.
What do lateral meristems produce?
secondary growth: wood
What vascular tissue transports water?
xylem
What vascular tissue transports
sugar and other nutrients?
phloem
The evaporation of water
via a stoma is __________.
The evaporation of water
via a stoma is transpiration.
_____ __________:
helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and
powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.
Leaf transpiration:
helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and
powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.
Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered,
overlapping ends connected by pits are ________.
Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered,
overlapping ends connected by pits are tracheids.
Cells that are larger than tracheids and
form pipelines are ________ ________.
Cells that are larger than tracheids and
form pipelines are vessel elements.
Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are ______-____ ________.
Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are sieve-tube elements.
__________ cells connect to sieve-tube elements
via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.
Companion cells connect to sieve-tube elements
via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.
Lateral meristem cells produced to protect
a growing stem are _____ ________.
Lateral meristem cells produced to protect
a growing stem are cork cambium.
Daughter cells of ____ ________ are cork cells,
which have tough, waterproof cell walls.
Daughter cells of cork cambium are cork cells,
which have tough, waterproof cell walls.
Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll
are _________ shaped.
Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll
are columnar shaped.
Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll
are ________ shaped.
Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll
are irregularly shaped.
Primary growth produces _____ stems;
secondary growth produces
_______, _______ stems.
Primary growth produces young stems;
secondary growth produces
thicker, stronger stems.
Plants are ________, which synthesize organics.
Plants are autotrophs, which synthesize organics.
