CH 44 Flashcards by Amanda Everett

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

are tissues found in the

________ tissue system of plants.

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

are tissues found in the

ground tissue system of plants.

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Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the

________ tissue systems of plants.

Epidermis and periderm are tissues found in the

dermal tissue systems of plants.

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Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the

________ tissue systems of plants.

Xylem and phloem are tissues found in the

vascular tissue systems of plants.

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Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,

and hormone secretion are functions of

___________ cells in plants.

Photosynthesis, nutrient storage, support,

and hormone secretion are functions of

parenchyma cells in plants.

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Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants

and all leaf stalks are functions of

__________ cells in plants.

Nutrient storage and support for non-woody plants

and all leaf stalks are functions of

collenchyma cells in plants.

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Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are ___________ cells.

Plant cells that are a major component of wood and nut shells and also support plant bodies as fibers in vascular tissues are sclerenchyma cells.

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Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is ________.

Plant tissue that protects plant surfaces and regulates water and gas exchange is epidermis.

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Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots

with a protective cork layer in support of

secondary growth is ________.

Plant tissue that thickens stems and roots

with a protective cork layer in support of

secondary growth is periderm.

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Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is ________.

Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to shoot is xylem.

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Plant tissue that transports sugars

and other organic molecules

throughout the plant body is ________.

Plant tissue that transports sugars

and other organic molecules

throughout the plant body is phloem.

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Ground tissue in plants is located between

the ________ and ________ ________

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Ground tissue in plants is located between

the epidermis and vascular tissues

of roots, stems, and leaves.

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Dermal tissue in plants is the ______ ______

of roots, stems, and leaves.

Dermal tissue in plants is the outer layer

of roots, stems, and leaves.

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Vascular tissue in plants

is located in the ______ of ______ and

dispersed through the ______ and ______.

Vascular tissue in plants

is located in the center of roots and

dispersed through the stems and leaves.

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A ________ is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.

A cotyledon is the embryonic leaf inside a seed.

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In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:

________, ________ of water & minerals,

_____ storage, production of ________, and

___________ of H₂O & substances to/from ____.

In flowering plants, the functions of roots are:

anchorage, absorption of water & minerals,

sugar storage, production of hormones, and

transportation of H₂O & substances to/from shoot.

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The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:

____________, ____________,

production of ________,

and transportation of ______ &

________ throughout plant.

The functions of shoots in flowering plants are:

photosynthesis, reproduction,

production of hormones,

and transportation of water &

substances throughout plant.

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In plants, ________ cells are undifferentiated cells.

In plants, meristem cells are undifferentiated cells.

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________ meristems are located at

the tips of roots and shoots.

Apical meristems are located at

the tips of roots and shoots.

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________ meristems, or cambia, run parallel

to the long axis of roots and shoots.

Lateral meristems, or cambia, run parallel

to the long axis of roots and shoots.

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___________ cells are mature cells

specialized for a specific function.

Differentiated cells are mature cells

specialized for a specific function.

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Vessel elements and tracheids

are examples of ____________ cells.

Vessel elements and tracheids

are examples of differentiated cells.

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________ ________ occurs by division of

apical meristem cells and differentiation of

their daughter cells and is responsible for

growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.

Primary growth occurs by division of

apical meristem cells and differentiation of

their daughter cells and is responsible for

growth in length in the roots & shoots of all plants.

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__________ _______ occurs by division of lateral

meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter

cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter

of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.

Secondary growth occurs by division of lateral

meristem cells & differentiation of their daughter

cells and is responsible for an increase in diameter

of roots and shoots in most conifers and dicots.

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What are the 2 major parts of most leaves?

petiole and blade

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What are the 3 main parts of leaves (if viewing a cross-section)?

epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is located just below the upper epidermis of leaves and is composed of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** cells.

**Palisade** **mesophyll** is located just below the upper epidermis of leaves and is composed of **parenchyma** cells.

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is located just above the lower epidermis of of leaves and is composed of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** cells.

**Spongy** **mesophyll** is located just above the lower epidermis of of leaves and is composed of **parenchyma** cells.

Vascular bundles located within the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of leaves are called veins.

Vascular bundles located within the **mesophyll** of leaves are called veins.

What four tissues compose most young stems?

epidermis, cortex, pith, and vascular tissues

In most young stems, the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is ground tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.

In most young stems, the **cortex** is ground tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissues.

In most young stems, the **\_\_\_\_\_** is ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.

In most young stems, the **pith** is ground tissue internal to vascular tissues.

Vascular **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is meristematic tissue that forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.

Vascular **cambium** is meristematic tissue that forms between primary xylem and primary phloem.

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is old xylem that is impregnated with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength in conifers and woody dicots.

**Heartwood** is old xylem that is impregnated with gums, resins, and oils, providing strength in conifers and woody dicots.

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is young xylem that is active in transport in conifers and woody dicots.

**Sapwood** is young xylem that is active in transport in conifers and woody dicots.

Bark is composed of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, **\_\_\_\_\_** cambium, and **\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Bark is composed of **phloem**, **cork** cambium, and **cork** **cells**.

Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating **\_\_\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_** of woody stems and roots.

Annual tree rings are patterns of alternating **light** and **dark** **xylem** of woody stems and roots.

In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in **\_\_\_\_\_** when water is plentiful, and dark xylem is formed in **\_\_\_\_\_\_** when water is scarce.

In annual tree rings, light xylem is formed in **spring** when water is plentiful, and dark xylem is formed in **summer** when water is scarce.

Tree age is indicated by the number of **\_\_\_\_\_** rings.

Tree age is indicated by the number of **dark** rings.

Tree rings are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** during dry years.

Tree rings are **narrow** during dry years.

Meristematic tissue that forms in the outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots is **\_\_\_\_\_** cambium, which gives rise to **\_\_\_\_\_** cells.

Meristematic tissue that forms in the outer cortex of stems in conifers and woody dicots is **cork** cambium, which gives rise to **cork** cells.

Dicots have a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** system, and monocots have a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_** system.

Dicots have a **taproot** system, and monocots have a **fibrous** **root** system.

Primary growth occurs in the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.

Primary growth occurs in the **apical meristem** near all root tips and causes roots to elongate.

The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a **\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_**.

The dome-shaped mass of cells that protects the apical meristem is a **root** **cap.**

The outermost layer of cells of the root vascular cylinder is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

The outermost layer of cells of the root vascular cylinder is the **pericycle**.

Pericycle cells divide to form the apical meristem of a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_**.

Pericycle cells divide to form the apical meristem of a **branch root**.

The outermost layer of cells of roots, which have highly permeable cell walls and can produce root hairs, is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

The outermost layer of cells of roots, which have highly permeable cell walls and can produce root hairs, is the **epidermis.**

Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells via **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Minerals from soil enter root epidermal cells via **active transport.**

Water from soil enters root epidermal cells via **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_**.

Water from soil enters root epidermal cells via **osmosis** and **bulk** **flow**.

**\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_** is the direct movement of water and dissolved solutes through open spaces between the cellulose fibers of cell walls of root epidermis.

**Bulk flow** is the direct movement of water and dissolved solutes through open spaces between the cellulose fibers of cell walls of root epidermis.

Root - fungus symbiosis is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Root - fungus symbiosis is **mycorrhizae.**

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** convert nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate, enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.

**Nitrogen-fixing bacteria** convert nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate, enabling plant roots to absorb nitrogen.

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on their roots.

**Legumes** house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in **nodules** on their roots.

Monocots have flower parts in multiples of **\_\_\_\_**, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of **\_\_\_\_**.

Monocots have flower parts in multiples of **3-4**, while dicots have flower parts in multiples of **5**.

Monocots have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** venation; dicots have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** venation.

Monocots have **parallel** venation; dicots have **reticulated (palm/pinnate)** venation.

Distribution of vascular bundles in stems: Monocots **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** Dicots **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

Distribution of vascular bundles in stems: Monocots - **scattered** Dicots **- in a ring**

Monocots have seeds with **\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**; dicots have seeds with **\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Monocots have seeds with **one** **cotyledon**; dicots have seeds with **two** **cotyledon**.

What are two types of meristem cells?

apical and lateral

Where are apical meristems located?

tips of roots, shoots, and branches

Lateral meristems are located in **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.

Lateral meristems are located in **cylindrical** **structures** of roots, stems, and branches of dicots.

What do lateral meristems produce?

secondary growth: wood

What vascular tissue transports water?

xylem

What vascular tissue transports sugar and other nutrients?

phloem

The evaporation of water via a stoma is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

The evaporation of water via a stoma is **transpiration**.

**\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:** helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.

**Leaf transpiration:** helps cool the plant when exposed to sun and powers the transport of water & minerals in xylem.

Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered, overlapping ends connected by pits are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Thin, elongated sclerenchyma cells with tapered, overlapping ends connected by pits are **tracheids**.

Cells that are larger than tracheids and form pipelines are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Cells that are larger than tracheids and form pipelines are **vessel** **elements**.

Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are **\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**

Cells that join end to end and form pipes to conduct solutions are **sieve-tube elements.**

**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** cells connect to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.

**Companion** cells connect to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata to give them proteins and ATP.

Lateral meristem cells produced to protect a growing stem are **\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.

Lateral meristem cells produced to protect a growing stem are **cork cambium.**

Daughter cells of **\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are cork cells, which have tough, waterproof cell walls.

Daughter cells of **cork** **cambium** are cork cells, which have tough, waterproof cell walls.

Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll are \_**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** shaped.

Parenchyma cells of the palisade mesophyll are **columnar** shaped.

Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** shaped.

Parenchyma cells of the spongy mesophyll are **irregularly** shaped.

Primary growth produces **\_\_\_\_\_** stems; secondary growth produces **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** stems.

Primary growth produces **young** stems; secondary growth produces **thicker**, **stronger** stems.

Plants are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, which synthesize organics.

Plants are **autotrophs**, which synthesize organics.