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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Pathology.

A

Study of disease

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2
Q

Define Pathogen.

A

Disease causing agent

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3
Q

Define Etiology.

A

Cause of disease

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4
Q

Define Pathogenesis.

A

Manner in which the disease develops

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5
Q

Define Infection

A

Invasion of body by pathogens

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6
Q

Define Disease.

A

Infection causes a change in state of health (abnormal state)

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7
Q

When does normal microbiota initially develop?

A

Formed at birth

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8
Q

Where and how are normal microbiota initially introduced into the body?

A

As the baby leaves the birth canal, as the baby eats and breathes

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9
Q

Define Normal Microbiota.

A

Microbes that colonize the body without causing disease

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10
Q

Where does normal microbiota get nutrients?

A

Secretory products of cells, body fluids, dead cells, food in gastrointestinal tract

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11
Q

Name 3 physical and chemical factors that affect normal microbiota.

A

pH
temperature
oxygen

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12
Q

List 5 factors that alter the number and types of normal microbiota from one person to another.

A

a. age
b. Diet (nutrients)
c. Living conditions
d. occupation
e. Personal hygiene

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13
Q

Define Symbiosis.

A

Relationship between normal microbiota and host

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14
Q

Define Commensalism and give 1 example.

A

One organism benefits and the other is unaffectedEx. Corynebacterium inhabits the eye and lives on dead cells

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15
Q

Define Mutualism and give 1 example.

A

Both organisms benefit

Ex. E.coli in large intestine synthesize vitamin K

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16
Q

Define Parasitism and give 1 example.

A

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

Ex. any virus

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17
Q

Define Opportunistic pathogen and give 1 example.

A

Pathogen that can cause disease if conditions change

Ex. E.coli can become harmful if it is in bladder, lungs, spinal cord

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18
Q

List Koch’s Postulates

A

a. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
b. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
c. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
d. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original microbe.Classifying Infectious Diseases

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19
Q

Define Symptoms.

A

Changes in body function
2 Examples:
Pain and malaise

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20
Q

Define Signs.

A

Can be observed and measure
4 Examples:
Lesions, swelling, fever, paralysis

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21
Q

Define Communicable disease.

A

Disease that spreads quickly from one host directly or indirectly

5 Examples:
Chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis

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22
Q

Define Contagious disease.

A

Easily spread from one person to another
2 Examples:
Chickenpox and measles

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23
Q

Define Noncommunicable disease.

A

Not spread from one person to another
1 Example:
Tetanus

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24
Q

Define Endemic disease.

A

Disease constantly present
1 Example:
Common cold

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25
Q

Define Epidemic disease.

A

Many people in a given area acquire a disease in a short period of time
1 Example:
influenza

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26
Q

Define Pandemic disease.

A

Epidemic that is worldwide
2 Examples:
Influenza, AIDS

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27
Q

Define Acute disease.

A

Develops rapidly but lasts a short period of time
1 Example:
influenza

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28
Q

Define Chronic disease

A

Develops slowly but is recurrent or lasts a long time
3 Examples:
Mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B

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29
Q

Define Latent disease.

A

Microbe remains inactive but later becomes active to produce symptoms

1 Example:
Shingles—varicella zoster (virus)

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30
Q

Define Local Infection.

A

Invading microbes are limited to a small area
2 Examples:
Boils and abscesses

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31
Q

Define Systemic infection.

A

Microbes spread throughout the body
Example:
Measles

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32
Q

List 4 predisposing factors that would make the body more susceptible to
disease.

A

a. gender
b. Genetic background
c. Inadequate nutrients
d. age

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33
Q

Define reservoir of infection.

A

Source that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication

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34
Q

List 3 reservoirs of infection.

A

a. human
b. animal
b. nonliving soil and water

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35
Q

Define carriers.

A

Person that harbors pathogen (without showing signs of illness) and can transmit them to other

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36
Q

List 3 diseases that human carriers spread.

A

a. AIDS
b. gonorrhea
c. typhoid fever

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37
Q

List 2 diseases transmitted by animals.

A

a. rabies

b. lyme disease

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38
Q

List the two major nonliving reservoirs of infection.

A

a. soil

b. water

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39
Q

Name 2 microbes that from nonliving reservoirs that can cause infections.

A

a. Clostridium tetani

b. Clostridium botulinum

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40
Q

Define Contact Transmission.

A

Spread of agent of disease by direct, indirect, droplet

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41
Q

Give 3 examples of direct contact (person to person) transmission.

A

Touch, kissing, sexual intercourse

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42
Q

Give 3 examples of illnesses causes by direct contact transmission.

A

Common cold, hepatitis A, STD, measles

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43
Q

Define Indirect contact transmission.

A

Nonliving objects

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44
Q

Define Fomite.

A

Nonliving objects

3 Examples of fomites:
Needles,tissues, bedding

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45
Q

Give 3 examples of illnesses caused by fomites.

A

HIV (needles), tetanus, hepatitis B

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46
Q

Define Droplet transmission.

A

Mucus droplets travel less than one meter
3 Examples:
Cough, sneeze, laugh

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47
Q

Give 3 examples of diseases spread by droplet transmission.

A

Influeza, pneumonia, whooping cough

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48
Q

Define Vehicle of transmission.

A

Transmitted by food, water, air, blood, drugs, body fluids

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49
Q

Define Vectors.

A

Animals that carry pathogens

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50
Q

Define Nosocomial Infection.

A

Hospital-acquired infection

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51
Q

Nosocomial infections are the result of 3 factors:

A

a. Microbes in hospital environment
b. Compromised status of host
c. Chain of transmission in the hospital

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52
Q

According to the CDC, handwashing is the single most important

A

means of preventing the spread of infection.

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53
Q

CDC reports that on average, health care workers wash their hands before interacting with patients

A

40% of the time.

54
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

Science that studies when and where disease occur and how they are transmitted

55
Q
  1. List the 4 mechanisms of which bacteria become resistant to chemotherapeutic agents.
A

a. destruction or inactivation of drug
b. prevention of penetration of target site
c. alternation of drug target site
d. rapid ejection

56
Q

List reasons why antibiotics are no longer effective (human causes).

A

Misuse, dose regimen too short, poverty, overprescribed

57
Q

Ciproflaxin (nalidixic acid)

A
  • inhibits DNA synthesis

- used to treat Anthrax, UTI’s, pneumonia

58
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox)

A
  • developed in 2001
  • 1st new class of antibiotics in 25 years
  • inhibit protein synthesis (50S subunit of ribosome)
  • treats gram positive bacteria
  • used to combat MRSA
59
Q

Sulfoamides

A
  • also called sulfa drugs
  • inhibits the synthesis of metabolites
  • first synthetic drugs created
  • used to treat UTI
60
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • treats gram positive bacteria
  • used to treat pneumonia, strepto and staphylo cocci infections
61
Q

Rifampin

A
  • inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

- used to treat tuberculosis and leprosy

62
Q

Tetracycline

A
  • produced by Streptomyces
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • used to treat gram positive and negative bacteria and can penetrate body tissues
  • used to treat urinary tract infections (UTI), pneumonia, and chlamydial infections
63
Q

Bacitracin

A
  • derived from Bacillus
  • inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • used to treat gram positives such as staphylococci and streptococci
  • applied topically
64
Q

Cephalosporin

A
  • usually given orally
  • inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • used to treat gram negative bacteria
65
Q

Semisynthetic penicillin

A
  • chemically modified the mold Penicillium
  • broad spectrum of activity
  • inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • used to treat gram negative and gram positive
  • Examples: amoxicillin and ampicillin
66
Q

Natural penicillin

A

extracted from the mold Penicillium

  • narrow spectrum of activity
  • inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • used to treat staphylococci and streptococci
  • shouldn’t be taken with acidic foods because they will decrease its effectiveness
  • susceptible to penicillinases
67
Q

Define antimicrobial drugs.

A

Class of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease

68
Q

Define broad-spectrum of activity.

A

Affect gram positive and gram negative bacteria

69
Q

Define spectrum of activity.

A

Range microbes that antibiotics affect

70
Q

Why is it difficult to treat viral infections?

A

The virus is in our cells and we don’t want to harm our cells

71
Q

Why is it difficult to treat fungal or protozoan infections?

A

They are eukaryotic cells and so are humans

72
Q

Name 3 ways eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ.

A

a. cell wall
b. ribosome
c. metabolic reactions

73
Q

Which is easier to develop drugs against prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and WHY?

A

Prokaryotic because we are eukaryotic and we don’t want to damage our cells

74
Q

Which type of bacteria (2) produces most antibiotics, which molds produce most antibiotics?

A

Streptomyces and Bacillus
Penicillium and Cephalosporium
Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity

75
Q

Are all antibiotics that are discovered used in treating disease, explain?

A

No, toxic to humans

76
Q

Where was the organism first isolated from a moldy cantaloupe bought?

A

Peoria, IL

77
Q

Define antibiotic.

A

Substance produced by microbes that inhibit growth of another microbe

78
Q

What bacterium was first noticed to be inhibited by Penicillium notatum?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

79
Q

What is Penicillium notatum?

A

Mold

80
Q

Who discovered Penicillium notatum?

A

Alexander Fleming

81
Q

Who coined the term “chemotherapy”?

A

Paul Ehrlich

82
Q

How do antimicrobial drugs kill microbes?

A

Interfere with growth

83
Q

Penicillin

A
  • 50 chemically related antibiotics
  • different based on the chemical side chains
  • produced naturally or semisynthetically
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis
84
Q

what is pathogenicity?

A

ability to cause disease

depends on ability to invade, multiply, and evade host defenses

85
Q

what is virulence?

A

degree of pathogenicity

86
Q

pathogen?

A

disease causing agent

87
Q

host?

A

where pathogen lives

88
Q

infeciton

A

growth of the microbes on a host

89
Q

why do micbrobes want in?

A

animals provide favorable environment

  • rich in organic food
  • maintain Temp and pH
90
Q

what are portals of entry?

A

where pathogens enter

ex. mucous membrane

91
Q

types of mucous membrane for POE?

A

resp. tract
gastrointestinal tract
urogential tract

92
Q

what is things to know about resp. tract POE?

A

enter by inhalation
most common POE
Ex. common cold, pneumonia, strep throat, TB, influenza, measles, and chicken pox

93
Q

what are things to know about the gastro intestial tract POE?

A

enter by food or water, contaminated objects

Ex. Hepititis A, typhoid fever, and food poisoning

94
Q

what are thing to know about the urogential tract POE?

A

transmitted sexually

Ex. HIV, Genital warts, herpes, and gonorrhea

95
Q

what is the skin POE?

A

prime target for pathogen cant be penetrated unless its injured

96
Q

what is the parental route POE?

A

when microbes enter injured skin or mucous membrane

Ex. injection, bites,cuts, surgery, and burns

97
Q

what is the perfered POE?

A

pathogens has to enter body in a certain way in order to cause disease
Ex.Clostridium tetni must enter though punctured skin to cause tetanus

98
Q

what is the number of invading microbes?

A

more microbes present the greater the chance disses happens
LD50
ID50

99
Q

what is LD50

A

lethal dose ( dose required to kill 50% of test animals)

100
Q

whaat is ID50

A

infectious dose (dose required to produce infection in 50% of test animals)

101
Q

what is adhesion?

A

once pathogens are inside host they attach to tissue

102
Q

how is adhesion accomplished?

A

ligands or adhesion(fimbrae) which bind to receptors on the host’s cell

103
Q

if adhesion or receptors are altered

A

then infection can be prevented

104
Q

What are examples of adherence

A

S. mutans (cause cavities) attaches to surface of teeth by glycocalyx

105
Q

what are the pentration of Host defense- capsules

A

glycocaylx around cell wall prevent phagocytosis

Ex. Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus anthraets

106
Q

what are the cell wall componets of penetration of host defense?

A

m protien

mycolic acid

107
Q

what are M proteins

A

heat and acidic resistance protein prevents phagocytosis

Ex. Streptococcus pyogens (strep throat)

108
Q

what is mycolic acid

A

waxy lipid in cell wall prevents phagocytosis

Ex. myobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

109
Q

what are the enzymes in part of pentration of host defenses?

A 
leukocidin
collagenase
coagulase
hyalurondinase
hemolysin
110
Q

what is leukocidin?

A

destorys leukocytes

111
Q

what is collagenase

A

destroys collagen

112
Q

what is coagulase?

A

coagulates fibrinogens

Ex. staphylococcus aureus (staph infection)

113
Q

what is hyaluronidase?

A

digest hyaluronic acid (host cell together)

Ex. streptococcus pyogenes (Flesh Eating)

114
Q

what is hemolysin

A

the lyse RBC

115
Q

what are the types of hemolysin?

A

alpha, beta, and gama

116
Q

what is alpha hemolysin?

A

partial breakdown of hemoglobin adn produces green color around colonies
Ex. S.Mitis and S. salivarius (normal microbiota)

117
Q

what is beta hemolysin?

A

complete breakdown of hemoglobin and produce clear zone around colonies
Ex. S.pyogenes (strep throat and scarlet fever)

118
Q

what are gama hemolysin?

A

no breakdown of hemoglobin

Ex. S. epidermis (normal microbiota)

119
Q

what are the four ways damage to cell wall can occur?

A
  1. use host nutrients
  2. direct damage (lyse host cell)
  3. toxin (poisouns substance)
  4. induce hypersensitivity
120
Q

what is toxigenicity?

A

ability to produce toxin

121
Q

what is toxemia?

A

presence of toxin in blood

122
Q

what is some toxin info?

A

can be transported by blood or lymph
can inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells, damage blood vessels, and disrupt NS function
40&% of all toxin cause damgae to cell membrane of hos

123
Q

what symptoms do toxin cause?

A

fever. shock, diarrhea, and cardiovascular problem

124
Q

what ate the two types of toxins?

A

Endotoxin and Exterotoxins

125
Q

whar are exotoxins

A

toxins relase directly inot the blood system
made of proteins
mainly gram positive
produce specific disease symptoms

126
Q

what are the types of extotoxin?

A

neurotoixin
enterotoxin
cytotoxin

127
Q

what is neurotoxin

A

attack nerve cells

Ex. E. clostridium tetani (uncontrolled muscle contrations0

128
Q

what is enterotoxin?

A

affects gastrointestinal tract

Ex. E. Stapholococcus aureus ( food poisoning)

129
Q

what is cytotoxin?

A

lyse host cell

Ex. E. closridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

130
Q

what are endotoxin?

A

toxin produced as part of cell wall and released when cell is damaged
gram negative
in LPS layer
antibiotic can worsen it

131
Q

what do all endotoxin produce as symptoms?

A

chills, fever, weakness, aches, possible shock

but in varying degrees

Microbiology (12 decks)

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