Exam 2 (Ch. 3 Staining) Flashcards

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1
Q

preparing a smear (3 steps)

A
  1. aseptically, a thin film of a specimen is spread on a slide
  2. film is air dried
  3. heat fix
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2
Q

staining (def.)

A

procedures that use dyes to add color to microbes or cellular structures

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3
Q

dyes (def.)

A

chemicals added to microbes

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4
Q

name 2 types of dyes

A

basic dyes and acidic dyes

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5
Q

basic dyes (def. and ex.)

A

have positively charged ions that help them adhere to negatively charged bacteria, ex: crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin and malachite green

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6
Q

acidic dyes (2 things and ex.)

A
  1. have negatively charged ions that are attracted to background
  2. bacteria appear colorless against a stained background
    ex: nigrosin
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7
Q

simple stain (2 things)

A
  1. uses one dye

2. determines cell shapes and arrangements

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8
Q

differential stain

A

places bacteria into categories

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9
Q

special stain (def. and ex.)

A

stains specific parts of microbes, ex: Endospore stain, Negative stain and flagellar stain

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10
Q

color of gram positive

A

purple

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11
Q

color of gram negative stain

A

red

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12
Q

ex. of gram positive bacteria

A

Bacillus

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13
Q

ex. of gram negative bacteria

A

E. coli

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14
Q

reason for being gram positive

A

thick walls of peptidoglycan that retain the primary stain

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15
Q

reason for being gram negative

A

thin wals of peptidoglycan that allow decolorization

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16
Q

color of acid fast positive

A

bright pink

17
Q

color of acid fast negative

A

blue

18
Q

ex. of acid fast positive

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

19
Q

reasons for acid fast results

A
  1. some bacteria contain a waxy material called mycolic acid in their cell walls which makes staining difficult
  2. once heat and carbolfuchsin are applied, acid alcohol does not decolorize the bacteria and they appear red
  3. if the bacteria doesn’t contain mycolic acid, carbolfuchsin is decolorized with acid alcohol and methylene blue adheres
20
Q

if spores are present they will appear

A

green

21
Q

spores can be inside or______ the cell

A

outside

22
Q

for a spore stain, the bacteria cell will appear what color

A

red

23
Q

name the two bacteria that produce spores

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

24
Q

reasons for spore results (3 things)

A
  1. spores are resistant to mild heat but heating in the microwave allows the spores to open
  2. heat causes spores to absorb the primary stain and appear green
  3. bacteria cells are decolorized with water and counterstain adheres to cells
25
Q

the negative stain is used to determine the presence of what

A

capsules

26
Q

capsules (def.)

A

structures that surround the cell wall

27
Q

if a capsule is present it won’t accept the stain and will appear as ______spots against a _______dark background

A

light; dark

28
Q

what stain can be used to tell if a bacteria is old or young

A

spore stain