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Microbiology > Exam 2 (Ch. 4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotic cell (4 things and ex.)

A
  1. DNA not in a membrane (no nucleus)
  2. very small
  3. cell walls have peptidoglycan
  4. no membrane bound organelles
    ex: Bacteria
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2
Q

eukaryotic cell (4 things and ex.)

A
  1. DNA in a membrane (nucleus)
  2. larger and more complex
  3. cell wall when present is simple
  4. membrane bound organelles (golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria)
    ex: animals, plants fungi
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3
Q

similarities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3 things)

A
  1. contain carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
  2. use chemical reactions to metabolize food, build protein and store energy
  3. contain cell membrane
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4
Q

advantages to prokaryotes for being small (3 things)

A
  1. reproduce quickly
  2. adapt easily to their env’t
  3. simple organization
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5
Q

coccus (def.)

A

spherical

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6
Q

bacillus (def.)

A

rod-shaped

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7
Q

spirillum (def.)

A

spiral

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8
Q

pleomorphic (def.)

A

many shapes

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9
Q

strepto (def.)

A

chains

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10
Q

staphylo (def.)

A

grape-like clusters

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11
Q

diplo (def.)

A

pairs (2)

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12
Q

tetrad (def.)

A

groups of fours

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13
Q

flagellum (def.)

A

structure used for motility

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14
Q

monotrichous (def.)

A

one flagellum at one end

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15
Q

amphitrichous (def.)

A

one flagellum and each end

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16
Q

lophotrichous (def.)

A

tuft of flagella at one or more ends

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17
Q

peritrichous (def.)

A

flagella around entire surface

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18
Q

movement of flagella is..

A

clockwise or counter clockwise

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19
Q

run means to

A

move in one direction

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20
Q

tumble means to

A

stop and change direction

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21
Q

taxis means

A

movement toward or away from a stimulus

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22
Q

positive taxis is

A

movement towards a stimulus

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23
Q

negative taxis is

A

movement away from a stimulus

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24
Q

chemotaxis (def.)

A

movement involving chemicals

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25
Q

phototaxis (def.)

A

movement involving light

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26
Q

geotaxis (def.)

A

movement involving gravity

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27
Q

fimbriae (3 things)

A
  1. appendage that is shorter and straighter than flagella
  2. 2-100s per cell
  3. used for attachment
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28
Q

pili (3 things)

A
  1. longer than fimbriae
  2. 1-2 per cell
  3. used in conjugation to attach to each other
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29
Q

glycocalyx is _________ in all bacteria

A

not present

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30
Q

glycocalyx (3 things)

A
  1. made of polysaccharides
  2. found outside the cell wall
  3. protects cell
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31
Q

all bacteria ________ a cell wall

A

have

32
Q

glycocalyx (2 types)

A

capsule and slime layer

33
Q

capsule (3 things)

A
  1. firmly attached to cell wall
  2. protects bacteria from phagocytosis
  3. nigrosin detects this
34
Q

slime layer (4 things)

A
  1. loosely attached to cell wall
  2. protects from water loss
  3. made up of polysaccharides
  4. outside cell wall
35
Q

prokaryotic cell wall (def.)

A

semi-rigid structure outside the cell-membrane

36
Q

2 functions of the cell wall

A

protect and give shape

37
Q

the cell wall is the site where

A

many antibiotics damage bacteria

38
Q

cell walls can only be seen clearly with

A

an electron microscope

39
Q

peptidoglycan is the __________ of the cell wall

A

main component

40
Q

name the two monosaccharides that are in the cell wall

A

NAG and NAM

41
Q

NAG stands for

A

N-acetylglucosamine

42
Q

NAM stands for

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

43
Q

how are NAG and NAM arranged

A

they alternate

44
Q

what forms the cross bridges in a cell wall

A

amino acids

45
Q

how many layers in a gram-positive cell wall

A

25-30

46
Q

gram positive cell wall contains what that the negative wall doesn’t

A

teichoic acid

47
Q

teichoic acid (3 things)

A
  1. acidic polysaccharide
  2. gives cells surface a negative charge
  3. prevents lyses
48
Q

gram negative cell wall has how many layers

A

10 or less

49
Q

negative cell wall does not have

A

teichoic acid

50
Q

what additional layer does a negative wall have that a positive wall does not

A

LPS layer

51
Q

where is the LPS layer located

A

outside the peptidoglycan

52
Q

what does LPS stands for

A

Lipopolysaccharide

53
Q

the LPS layer is _________ to humans

A

toxic

54
Q

LPS layer is responsible for

A

infections and is resistant to antibiotics

55
Q

cell membrane (4 things)

A
  1. structure below cell wall
  2. forms a phospholipid bilayer, similar to eukaryotes
  3. acts as a selective barrier
  4. site of ATP production
56
Q

simple diffusion (def.)

A

movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

57
Q

osmosis (def.)

A

diffusion of H2O across the cell membrane

58
Q

solute (def.)

A

something added to a solvent that is dissolved

59
Q

solvent (def.)

A

typically a liquid and this is what dissolves the solute

60
Q

solution (def.)

A

mixture of the solvent and solute

61
Q

hypotonic solution (explain)

A

higher concentration of H2O outside the cell and so it moves into the cell, making it so the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower, the cell lysis (bursts)

62
Q

hypertonic solution (explain)

A

there is a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell and so the solutes move out of the cell making it so that the concentration is higher outdid the cell. The cell cremates (shrinks)

63
Q

isotonic solutions (2 things)

A
  1. cell remains intact

2. equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell

64
Q

cytoplasm (3 things)

A
  1. jelly-like substance found inside the cell
  2. 80% water
  3. contains carbs, proteins, lipids, and genetic material
65
Q

nucleoid (def.)

A

cluster of genetic material

66
Q

ribosomes (4 things)

A
  1. structure that directs protein synthesis
  2. composed of 2 subunits
  3. smaller that eukaryotic ribosomes
  4. very numerous in cells that are actively growing
67
Q

inclusions (3 things)

A
  1. large storage molecules made up of C, N, S, or P
  2. formed when these elements are abundant
  3. not always present
68
Q

endospores contain a _______ cell wall

A

thick

69
Q

endospores are produced when

A

nutrients are limited

70
Q

endospores are able to survive conditions such as

A

heat, lack of water, exposure to chemicals

71
Q

endospores can live for

A

25 million years

72
Q

once conditions are favorable, endospores are converted back to their

A

vegetative state

73
Q

the cloudier a tube is = the more…

A

bacterial growth there is

74
Q

sporulation (def.)

A

process of making spores

75
Q

what two can produce spores

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

76
Q

how are spores killed

A

autoclave

77
Q

autoclave (def.)

A

heat under pressure for 20 min.

Microbiology (12 decks)

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