Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Exam 2 (Ch. 2 Chemistry) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 2 Chemistry) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define molecule and give 1 example

A

molecules are formed from 2 or more atoms, ex: O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define atom

A

the smallest component of a pure substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the charge of a proton? location in the atom?

A

positive; nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the charge of a neutron? location in the atom?

A

neutral; nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the charge of an electron? location in the atom?

A

negative; outside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define a chemical element

A

all atoms with the same number of protons that behave the same way chemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define a compound and give an example

A

a molecule that contains at least 2 different kinds of atoms, ex: H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do molecules hold together

A

because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces called chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do atoms form bonds

A

by either gaining or losing electrons or by sharing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define ion

A

a negatively or positively charged atom or atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define ionic bonding and give an example

A

an attraction between ions of opposite charge that hold them together to form a stable molecule, ex: sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define cation and give 3 examples

A

positively charges ions; ex: potassium, calcium, sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define anion and give 2 examples

A

negatively charges ions; ex: iodine, chlorine, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define a covalent bond

A

a chemical bond formed by 2 atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. They are stronger and more common than ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define hydrogen bond

A

this occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen is attached to another nitrogen or oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds and the easiest to break of all bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define energy

A

the ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define potential energy

A

the energy an object has because of its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chemical energy occurs whenever…

A

bonds between atoms are formed or broken during chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

synthesis (anabolic) reaction (3 things)

A
  1. a reaction that builds new molecules
  2. energy is required (endergonic)
  3. ex: ADP+P -> ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

decomposition (catabolic) reaction (3 things)

A
  1. a reaction that breaks down molecules
  2. energy is released (exergonic)
  3. ex: ATP -> ADP + P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

example of an exchange reaction

A

NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define enzyme

A

a chemical that catalyzes or speeds up a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenosine triphospate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ATP is a type of

A

potential or stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when ATP is broken down energy is

A

released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define inorganic compound

A

molecules, usually small and structurally simple which typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

give 4 examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide and many salts , acids and bases

29
Q

define organic compound

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically are structurally complex

30
Q

give 3 examples of organic compounds

A

polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids

31
Q

name 8 characteristics of water

A
  1. one of the most abundant and important compounds
  2. facilitates the passage of nutrients into the cell
  3. medium for most chemical reactions inside the cell
  4. neutral charge
  5. polar molecule
  6. can form hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules
  7. boils at 100 degrees celsius
  8. can be a liquid or solid
32
Q

an acid can be defines as a (and give an ex.)

A

proton donor; ex: HCl

33
Q

pH of an acid

A

less that 7

34
Q

a base can be defined as a (and give example)

A

proton acceptor; ex: NaOH

35
Q

pH of a base

A

greater than 7

36
Q

neutral pH

A

7

37
Q

3 functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. building block of DNA
  2. synthesis of amino acids and fats
  3. food reserves
38
Q

3 elements that make up a carbohydrate

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

39
Q

ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates

A

2 : 1

40
Q

name 3 examples of carbohydrates (with formulas)

A
  1. glucose (C6 H12 O6)
  2. ribose (C5 H10 O5)
  3. sucrose (C12 H22 O11)
41
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a simple sugar

42
Q

2 ex of monosaccharides

A

deoxyribose and glucose

43
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

formed when 2 monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction

44
Q

give 2 ex of disaccharides

A

disaccharide sucrose and disaccharide lactose

45
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

consists of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

46
Q

give four examples of polysaccharides

A

gylcogen, cellulose, chitin, starch

47
Q

name 3 elements that compose lipids

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

48
Q

do lipids have a 2:1 ratio for hydrogen and oxygen

A

no

49
Q

give 2 functions of lipids

A
  1. provide structure in membrane and in some cell walls

2. function in energy storage

50
Q

give 2 lipid ex

A

fats and triglycerides

51
Q

the building blocks of simple lipids are ___ and _____

A

glycerol and fatty acids

52
Q

name the 4 elements that compose proteins

A

C, H, N, O and sometimes S

53
Q

name the 4 functions of proteins

A

1 speed up biochemical reactions

  1. transport certain chemicals in and out of cell
  2. part of cell structures such as wall and membrane
  3. regulatory functions
54
Q

name the building block of proteins

A

amino acids

55
Q

how many amino acids occur naturally in proteins

A

20

56
Q

what type of bond is found between amino acids in a protein

A

peptide bonds

57
Q

in terms of proteins: the primary structure is a unique sequence in which the _____ are linked together

A

amino acids

58
Q

in terms of proteins: the secondary structure is the repetitious…

A

twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain

59
Q

in terms of proteins: the tertiary structure refers to the overall ________ of the polypeptide chain

A

3-D structure

60
Q

in terms of proteins: the quaternary structure consists of 2..

A

or more individual polypeptide chains

61
Q

define denaturation of proteins

A

when a protein unravels and loses its characteristic shape

62
Q

name 3 ways proteins can be denatured

A

temp, pH, salt concentration

63
Q

2 ex of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

64
Q

name the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

65
Q

name the 3 components of nucleotides

A
  1. nitrogen-containing base
  2. pentose sugar
  3. phosphate group
66
Q

name the 5 nitrogenous bases

A

thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

67
Q

the 5 carbon sugar found in DNA is

A

deoxyribose

68
Q

the 5 carbon sugar found in RNA is

A

ribose

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions